Shuriken
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Shuriken (手裏剣; lit: "hand hidden blade") is a traditional Japanese concealed weapon that was used for throwing, and sometimes stabbing. They are small, sharpened, hand-held blades made from a variety of everyday items, such as needles, nails, and knives, as well as coins, washers, and other flat plates of metal. Shuriken were mainly a supplemental weapon to the more commonly used katana (sword) or yari (spear) in a warrior's arsenal, though they often played a pivotal tactical role in battle. The art of wielding the shuriken is known as shuriken-jutsu, and was mainly taught as a minor, or more correctly, a secret part of the martial arts curriculum of many famous schools, such as Yagyu Ryu, Katori Shinto Ryu, Itto Ryu, Kukishin Ryu, and Togakure Ryu.
Shuriken are commonly known in the west as "throwing stars" or "ninja stars". This term hardly does justice to the weapon, however, as the pointed "star" shaped form is but one of many different designs the blades took over the centuries in which they were used.
The major varieties of Shuriken are the bo shuriken (棒手裏剣) and the hira shuriken (平手裏剣), or shaken (車剣, also read as kurumaken)
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[edit] Bo-Shuriken
This is a throwing weapon consisting of a straight, iron or steel spike, usually 4 sided but sometimes round or octagonal. They were usually single-pointed but there are some that are double pointed. The length of bo-shuriken ranges from 12 to 21 cm (5-8 1/2 in) and the average weight was from 35 to 150 grams (1.2-5.4 ounces). The bo-shuriken is thrown in a number of ways, such as overhead, underarm, sideways and rearwards, but in each case, the throw involved the blade sliding out of the hand through the fingers in a smooth, controlled flight.
The major forms of throw are the jiki da-ho (direct hit method), and the han-ten da-ho (turning hit method). These two forms are technically different, in that the former does not allow the blade to spin before it hits the target, while the latter requires that the blade does spin before it hits the target.
Bo-shuriken were constructed from a wide variety of commonly used everyday items, and thus there are many shapes and sizes. Some derive their name from the materials they were fashioned from, such as kugi-gata (nail form), hari-gata (needle form) and tanto-gata (knife form); others are named after the object in which they appear similar to, such as hoko-gata (spear form), matsuba-gata (pine-needle form) while others were simply named after the object that was thrown, such as kankyuto-gata (piercing tool form), kunai-gata (utility tool form), or teppan (plate metal) and biao (pin).
Other items were also thrown as in the fashion of bo-shuriken, such as kogai (ornamental hairpin), kozuka (utlility knife) and hashi (chopsticks), although these items were not associated with any particular school of shuriken-jutsu, rather they were more likely just thrown at opportune moments by a skilled practitioner who was versed in the method of a particular school.
[edit] Origins
The origins of the bo-shuriken in Japan are still unclear at this stage, despite continuing research in this area. This is partly due to the fact that shuriken-jutsu is a secretive art, and also to the fact that throughout early Japanese history there were actually many independent innovators of the skill of throwing long, thin objects. The earliest mention of a school teaching shuriken-jutsu is Ganritsu Ryu, prevalent during the 1600's. This school utilized a long thin implement with a bulbous head, thought to be derived from the arrow. Existing examples of blades from this school appear to exhibit an amalgamation of the shape of an arrow, and the traditional Japanese needle used in leatherwork and armour manufacture.
There are also earlier mentions in written records such as the Osaka Gunki (Military records of Osaka) of throwing the knife and short sword in battle, and Miyamoto Musashi is said to have won a duel by throwing his short sword at his opponent, killing him.
Some styles of bo-shuriken are known to have been developed independently of any formal school of martial arts; for example there is a famous story of a disabled man called Mori Gentaro Gentatsu who as a child developed the skill of throwing nails at birds, and eventually began his own school after he had earned a reputation as skilled fighter.
[edit] Hira shuriken
Hira shuriken are constructed from thin, flat plates of metal from a variety of sources, such as hishi-gane (coins), kugi-nuki (carpentry tools), senban (washers), and as such do not generally look like what is usually conceived of as the ninja star. Often they have a hole in the center, are only sharpened on the very tips and possess a fairly thin blade. The reason for the hole is that the original source items had holes - old coins, washers, and nail-removing tools, each possessed holes as part of their design. This was found to be convenient for the user of the shuriken, as they could be carried strung together on string, and the hole also had an aerodynamic effect which aided the flight of the blade as it was thrown.
There is a wide variety of forms of hira-shuriken, also known as shaken, and they are now usually identified by the number of points the blades possess. As with bo-shuriken, the various shapes of hira-shuriken were usually representative of a particular school, or region that preferred the use of such shapes, and it is therefore possible to identify the school by the type of blade used.
There are two major forms of throw with hira-shuriken, the overhead throw and the horizontal throw. The arm action of the overhead throw is very similar to that of bo-shuriken, although the blade grip is slightly adapted to accommodate the circular shape of the blade itself. The horizontal throw requires a straight, but supple wrist and relies upon the movement of the whole body toward the target instead of a snapping motion with the arm and wrist to generate power, spin and accuracy.
[edit] Origins
Likewise with bo-shuriken, tracing back through history to determine the origins of this unique throwing weapon is difficult, if not impossible. It is thought that there are several independent, unrelated precursors to the hira-shuriken, which over time became amalgamated into the general form of weapon art we know today. There is very early mention of the throwing of stones which exhibited a flat, rounded shape, called tsubute, which were commonly used in an early battlefield art called inji-uchi (stone throwing). Inji-uchi focused more on smashing armour and bone, however over time, tsubute eventually were fashioned from iron-stone, and became known as tetsu-tsubute. With the manufacture process, practitioners began to modify the throwing-stone's shape to one more suited to tearing of flesh, and sharp, straight edges were added to the design. It is not known precisely when the material used for the construction of these weapons changed from stone to metal.
Another early mention of throwing items as weapons stems back to China, with the art of coin throwing. Skilled practitioners were said to be able to throw a small Chinese coin powerfully enough to embed them into the plasterwork of walls. The type of throw used for coins was the horizontal wrist throw. The edges of these coins were sometimes sharpened, giving them even more cutting ability. Early Japanese coins were diamond shaped (hishi-gane), and there is also mention of these coins being sharpened and thrown, in the same fashion as the Chinese coin.
Some shaken were specifically designed to have a set number of points, and similar shape to some types of religious artifacts, such as horin. Many traditional martial arts schools contained philosophical and spiritual ties to certain religious organizations, such as Shinto and Mikkyo Buddhism, whose mystical teachings would sometimes play an important role in the activities of their school, so the similarity in design is thought to possibly to show a symbolic connection between them.
In later feudal times, many everyday items were adapted and used for throwing. A skilled practitioner was able to pick up a small hand held object and use it as a throwing weapon. Due to the government prohibition on shuriken jutsu, no doubt the use of common items as weapons was a deliberate attempt to avoid arousing suspicion with the authorities or members of the public who may raise the alarm.
[edit] Uses
Contrary to popular belief, (video games, Hollywood, etc.) shuriken were not intended as a killing weapon, but rather as a secondary weapon that sometimes played a supportive role to a warrior's main weapon, usually the sword or spear. Shuriken were primarily used to cause either nuisance or distraction, both being tactical methods to gain advantage over the opponent in battle. Generally the target was the eyes, face, hands and the feet.
They were also used, especially hira-shuriken, for a wide variety of other uses, such being embedded in the ground so as to cause pain to those who stepped on them, or to have a fuse wrapped around the points of the blade, to be lit and thrown in order to cause fire, or to be used as a handheld striking weapon when used in close quarters combat with an opponent. There are reports of shuriken being coated with poison, directed at either the person the blade was being thrown at, or to whoever may pick them up when left lying around in conspicuous places. Other reports indicate that shuriken may have been buried in dirt or animal feces and allowed to harbor the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani; if the point penetrated a victim deep enough it would impart the bacteria into the wound and cause a then-incurable deadly tetanus infection.
Shuriken were a simple weapon, but their value was in the wide variety of applications they could be used for, and the ready availability of material in which to fashion the weapon from.
[edit] Popular culture
- Several characters featured in the historical anime/manga series Rurouni Kenshin utilize shuriken as weapons.
- The Shuriken are heavily featured in the 4 part movie series of the 3 Ninjas and is usually wielded by villains
- Ryu Hayabusa often uses shuriken in the Ninja Gaiden video game series.
- In the popular manga/anime Naruto many characters use a variety of different shuriken, as well as bigger versions of shuriken as well and a modified version called a Fuuma shuriken.
- The DC Comics character Manhunter was skilled with this weapon.
- Marvel Comics' Daredevil series often features shuriken, particularly in the Frank Miller plotlines. The Elektra and Bullseye characters, among others, use a variety of shuriken, both specialized weaponry such as throwing stars and everyday objects (such as playing cards, pencils, and folded paper) used as thrown weapons. Daredevil's favorite defense, apart from evading the weapons, is to block them with his billy club, allowing them to embed in the material.
- In the Warhammer 40K universe, the Eldar use shuriken weaponry; however, theirs are a single molecule thick and are ammunition for shuriken pistols, cannons and carbines, as opposed to being a thrown weapon.
- In the video game Mortal Kombat: Deception, one of Noob Saibot's fatalities is to throw shuriken into precise pressure points, killing the enemy.
- The character Case in William Gibson's cyberpunk novel Neuromancer is fascinated by shuriken and one occurs as a minor motif throughout the story.
- Various RPGs have been known to have a shuriken as a selectable weapon, one of the more popular titles being Final Fantasy, where the Ninja class can use them in the "throw" ability.
- In the Forgotten Realms fantasy novels, the drow elves use these weapons.
- In "Good Times With Weapons," episode 801 of South Park, Kenny, while "playing ninja" with the other boys, throws a shuriken into the eye of Butters.
- In the video game series, Sonic the Hedgehog, Espio the Chameleon of the group Team Chaotix uses giant shuriken as weapons in the more recent games.
- In the video game Mega Man 3, the enemy character Shadow Man uses what are arguably large Senban shuriken; killing him enables Mega Man to gain the "Shadow Blade" ability.
- In the video game The Revenge of Shinobi, Joe Musashi uses shuriken against his ninja enemies.
- In the MMORPG, MapleStory, Assassins use shuriken as a main weapon. They can use various skills to enhance their abilities, such as "Lucky Seven", "Avenger", and "Drain".Some of these weapons were known as Illbis, Hwabis, and much more others.
- Wario Ware Touched! features a shuriken-throwing minigame.
- The video game Final Fantasy VII features a hidden character, Yuffie Kisaragi, who uses shuriken as her weapon.
- In the "Ask a Ninja" podcast, the ninja makes frequent reference to his affinity with shuriken.
- In the fantasy series The Belgariad and the following sequels by David Eddings there is a group of Murgo assassins known as the Dagashi that utilizes a sharp triangular throwing weapon. The ends are dipped in poison, and a skilled thrower is supposedly able to throw them around corners.
- Vancha March, a vampire-warrior from the popular "Darren Shan" novels uses shurikens as his only weapon of choice.
- There is a Magic the Gathering equipment card called Shuriken[1], which gains bonuses when used with ninjas. It comes in the set Betrayers of Kamigawa, a set that uses a shuriken as its expansion symbol.
- In the video game Super Smash Bros. Melee, the ninja character Sheik (alternate form of Zelda) can charge up an attack to release several bo-shuriken at once.
- The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are known to use shuriken on occasion, especially in video games based on the franchise.
- In the video game series Suikoden some of the ninja characters use types of shuriken.
- Dr. Doppler's insignia from Mega Man X3 uses a Senban shuriken as a part of a insignia.
- Various ninja bots in the video (Gotcha Force) use these weapons including the giant Shuriken Ninja that weilds a giant shuriken on his back.
- An episode of the Upright Citizens Brigade's self-titled television series centers around shuriken, involving an attempted killing spree at a school and "throwing star sitcoms."
- In Star Control II (aka The Ur-Quan Masters), the Kohr-Ah Marauder fires spinning blades that look similar to a shuriken; they are fired at great distances, require accurate firing, and do severe damage at the touch of the blade.
- The Master tv series with Sho Kosugi and Lee Van Cleef starts out portraying the shuriken as a lethal weapon, but the heroes soon switch to treating them as nonlethal, multipurpose weapons and tools, throwing them to knock guns out of their enemies' hands, or slicing open window latches with them.
- In the seminal Bruce Lee-inspired 'Kung Fu' series of the 1970's, during each opening sequence, Shaolin student Cain is shown being trained to avoid and deflect shuriken.
- 2 of the Sentai characters: Momoranger from Himitsu Sentai Goranger, and Blue Flash from Choushinsei Flashman both wield shuriken weapons (Momoranger uses the heart shaped one, while Blue Flash uses 6-pointed shurikens).
- In the MMORPG Rakion, the shuriken is the ninja's ranged weapon. They are thrown in groups of 3 or 9, or in 2 groups of 9 (18 in total) when the ninja turns Chaos.
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources
Finn, Michael (1983) Art of Shuriken Jutsu Paul Crompton, UK,
Hammond, Billy (1985) Shuriken jutsu: The Japanese art of projectile throwing A.E.L.S , Japan
Fujita, Seiko (1928) Zukai Shurikenjutsu (An overview of Shuriken jutsu)
Iwai, Kohaku (1999) Hibuki no Subete ga Wakaru Hon (Hidden Weapons) BAB, Japan
Kono, Yoshinori (1996). Toru Shirai: Founder of Tenshin Shirai Ryu in "Aikido Journal" #108
Mol, Serge (2003) Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Artists. Kodansha, Japan
Nawa, Yumio (1962) Kakushi Buki Soran (An Overview of Hidden Weapons) Japan
Saito, Satoshi in Skoss, Diane ed. (1999) Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan Vol. 2 Koryu Books,
Shirakami, Eizo (1985) Shurikendo: My study of the way of Shuriken, Paul H. Crompton, London
Someya, Chikatoshi (2001) Shuriken Giho Airyudo, Japan
