Shogun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other uses, see Shogun (disambiguation).
Shogun (將軍 shōgun?) is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The rank is equivalent to "general," a high officer in an army. As a title, it is the short form of sei-i taishōgun (征夷大將軍). The Imperial Court in Kyoto awarded this title first to the leaders of military expeditions against eastern people, and later to the heads of military governments at many times in the history of Japan.
A shogun's office or administration is a shogunate or bakufu (幕府). The latter literally means "an office in the tent" in Japanese. The tent is symbolic of the role of the military in fighting wars in the field.
The term sei-i taishōgun means "great general who subdues the eastern barbarians." "Eastern barbarian" is one of several ancient terms for various groups who lived in eastern area and had not yet become subject to the central government. Among them were the aboriginal Ainu people who once inhabited Honshū in addition to Hokkaidō.
Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate, seized considerable power from the aristocracy in Kyoto. He became the practical ruler of Japan, and received the title sei-i taishōgun. Thereafter, the heads of three successive shogunates received the same title. It continued in use until the Meiji Restoration.
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[edit] Sei-i Taishogun of Heian Period of Japan (794–1185)
[edit] Conquest of the Ainu
Originally, the title of Seii Taishogun was given to military commanders during the early Heian Period for the duration of military campaigns against the Emishi who resisted the governance of the Imperial court based in Kyoto. The most famous of these shogun was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro who conquered the Ainu in the name of Emperor Kammu. Eventually, the title was abandoned in the later Heian period after the Ainu had been either subjugated or driven to Hokkaidō.
[edit] Gempei wars
In the later Heian, one more shogun was appointed. Minamoto no Yoshinaka was named sei-i taishōgun during the Genpei War only to be killed shortly thereafter by Minamoto no Yoshitsune.
[edit] Sei-i Taishogun of Feudal Period Japan (1185–1868)
[edit] Kamakura Shogunate
In the 1100s, the wars between the Minamoto and Taira families came to a conclusion with the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War (1185). Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the emperor and established a feudal system of government based in Kamakura in which the military, the samurai, assumed political power while the Emperors of Japan and the aristocracy in Kyoto remained the figurehead de jure rulers. In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of Seii Taishogun by the emperor and the political system he developed with a succession of shogun at the head became known as a shogunate. The Kamakura shogunate lasted for almost 150 years, from 1192 to 1333.
[edit] Kemmu Restoration
During the Kemmu Restoration, after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, another short-lived shogun arose. Prince Moriyoshi (also known as Prince Morinaga), son of Emperor Go-Daigo, was awarded the title of Seii Taishogun and put in charge of the military. However, Prince Moriyoshi was later put under house arrest and, in 1335, killed by Ashikaga Tadayoshi.
[edit] Muromachi and Edo Shogunates
Next, Ashikaga Takauji, like Yoritomo a descendant of the Minamoto princes, was awarded the title of sei-i taishōgun and established bakufu. The Ashikaga Shogunate lasted from 1338 to 1573.
Subsequently, Tokugawa Ieyasu seized power and established a government at Edo (now known as Tokyo) in 1600. He received the title sei-i taishōgun in 1603. The Tokugawa shogunate lasted until 1868.
The so-called transitional shoguns, of 1568–1598, did not receive the title of sei-i taishōgun from the emperor and did not establish shogunates, but did, for a period, hold power over the emperor and most of Japan.
The title sei-i taishōgun was abolished during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, in which effective power was "restored" to the emperor and his appointees. See Late Tokugawa shogunate.
[edit] List of sei-i taishōgun
| Order （In its shogunate） |
Name | In office | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Otomo no Otomaro | 793-794? | |
| 2 | Sakanoue no Tamuramaro | 797-811? | |
| - | Funya no Watamaro | 813 | Sei-i shogun |
| - | Fujiwara no Tadabumi | 940 | 征東大將軍だが、異傳あり |
| 3 | Minamoto no Yoshinaka | 1184 | 從四位下伊豫守 |
| 4 (1) | Minamoto no Yoritomo | 1192-1199 | 1195年辭任の説あり。正二位前權大納言 |
| 5 (2) | Minamoto no Yoriie | 1202-1203 | 正二位左衛門督 |
| 6 (3) | Minamoto no Sanetomo | 1203-1219 | 正二位右大臣 |
| 7 (4) | Kujo_Yoritsune | 1226-1244 | 攝家(藤原)將軍。九条道家の子。正二位權大納言 |
| 8 (5) | Kujo Yoritsugu | 1244-1252 | 從三位左近衛中將 |
| 9 (6) | Prince Munetaka | 1252-1266 | 皇族將軍。後嵯峨天皇の皇子。一品中務卿 |
| 10 (7) | Koreyasu Shinnou(Prince Koreyasu)(惟康王→源惟康→惟康親王) | 1266-1289 | 二品 |
| 11 (8) | Prince Hisaaki | 1289-1308 | 後深草天皇の皇子。一品式部卿 |
| 12 (9) | Prince Morikuni | 1308-1333 | 二品 |
| 13 | Prince Moriyoshi | 1333 | 二品兵部卿 |
| 14 | Prince Nariyoshi | 1335-1336 | 四品上野太守 |
| 15 (1) | Ashikaga Takauji (高氏→尊氏) | 1338-1358 | 正二位權大納言 |
| 16 (2) | Ashikaga Yoshiakira | 1358-1367 | 正二位權大納言 |
| 17 (3) | Ashikaga Yoshimitsu | 1367-1394 | 准三宮従一位左大臣。將軍辭職後、太政大臣。 |
| 18 (4) | Ashikaga Yoshimochi | 1394-1423 | 從一位内大臣 |
| 19 (5) | Ashikaga Yoshikatsu | 1423-1425 | 正四位下參議右近衛中將 |
| 20 (6) | Ashikaga Yoshinori(義宣→義教) | 1429-1441 | 從一位左大臣 |
| 21 (7) | Ashikaga Yoshikatsu | 1442-1443 | 從四位下左近衛中將 |
| 22 (8) | Ashikaga Yoshimasa (義成→義政) | 1449-1473 | 准三宮從一位左大臣 |
| 23 (9) | Ashikaga Yoshihisa(義尚→義煕) | 1473-1489 | 從一位内大臣 |
| 24 (10) | Ashikaga Yoshiki (義材→義尹→義稙) | 1490-1493 | 從四位下參議右近衛中將 |
| 25 (11) | Ashikaga Yoshizumi(義高→義遐→義澄) | 1494-1508 | 從三位參議左近衛中將 |
| 26 (10) | Ashikaga Yoshitane (義材→義尹→義稙) | 1508-1521 | 再任。從二位權大納言 |
| 27 (12) | Ashikaga Yoshiharu | 1521-1546 | 從三位權大納言 |
| 28 (13) | Ashikaga Yoshiteru (義藤→義輝) | 1546-1565 | 從四位下參議左近衛中將 |
| 29 (14) | Ashikaga Yoshihide | 1568 | 從五位下左馬頭 |
| 30 (15) | Ashikaga Yoshiaki (義秋→義昭) | 1568-1573 | 實は出家時の1588年までは名目上在任。從三位權大納言 |
| 31 (1) | Tokugawa Ieyasu(松平元康→德川家康) | 1603-1605 | 從一位右大臣。將軍辭職後、太政大臣。 |
| 32 (2) | Tokugawa Hidetada | 1605-1623 | 從一位右大臣。將軍辭職後、太政大臣。 |
| 33 (3) | Tokugawa Iemitsu | 1623-1651 | 從一位左大臣。太政大臣宣下固辭。 |
| 34 (4) | Tokugawa Ietsuna | 1651-1680 | 正二位右大臣 |
| 35 (5) | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi | 1680-1709 | 正二位右大臣 |
| 36 (6) | Tokugawa Ienobu(Tsunatoyo→Ienobu) | 1709-1712 | 正二位内大臣 |
| 37 (7) | Tokugawa Ietsugu | 1712-1716 | 正二位内大臣 |
| 38 (8) | Tokugawa Yoshimune(松平賴方→德川吉宗) | 1716-1745 | 正二位右大臣 |
| 39 (9) | Tokugawa Ieshige | 1745-1760 | 正二位右大臣 |
| 40 (10) | Tokugawa Ieharu | 1760-1786 | 正二位右大臣 |
| 41 (11) | Tokugawa Ienari | 1787-1837 | 從一位太政大臣 |
| 42 (12) | Tokugawa Ieyoshi | 1837-1853 | 從一位左大臣 |
| 43 (13) | Tokugawa Iesada (家祥→家定) | 1853-1858 | 正二位内大臣 |
| 44 (14) | Tokugawa Iemochi(Toshitomi→Iemochi) | 1858-1866 | 從一位右大臣 |
| 45 (15) | Tokugawa Yoshinobu | 1866-1867 | 正二位内大臣 |
[edit] Shogunate
The term bakufu originally meant the dwelling and household of a shogun, but in time it came to be generally used for the system of government of a feudal military dictatorship, exercised by the shogun, and this is the meaning that has been adopted into English through the term "shogunate."
The bakufu system was originally established under the Kamakura shogunate by Minamoto no Yoritomo. Although theoretically the state (the Emperor) held ownership of all land of Japan, the system had some feudal elements, with lesser territorial lords pledging their allegiance to greater ones. Samurai were rewarded for their loyalty with land, which was in turn, on the liege lord's permission, handed down and divided among their sons. The hierarchy that held this system of government together was reinforced by close ties of loyalty between samurai and their subordinates.
Three primary shogunates were each centered around a family which seized power and received the title of shogun during that regime. One name of the shogunate stems from the location of the headquarters (Kamakura, Muromachi in Kyoto, and Edo). Another name comes from the shogunal family (Ashikaga, Tokugawa).
- Kamakura Shogunate - Kamakura period
- Ashikaga Shogunate or Muromachi Bakufu - Muromachi period
- Tokugawa Shogunate or Edo Bakufu - Edo period
