Ship-Submarine Recycling Program
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The Ship/Submarine Recycling Program (SRP) is the process the United States Navy uses to dispose of decommissioned nuclear vessels. SRP takes place only at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (PSNS) in Bremerton, Washington, but the preparations can begin elsewhere.
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[edit] SRP
Before SRP can begin, the ship or submarine must have her nuclear fuel removed. Defueling usually coincides with decommissioning. Prior to that event, the vessel is referred to as "USS Name," but afterward the "USS" is dropped and it is referred to as "ex-Name." Defueling of submarines is carried out at five ship repair facilities on the West Coast, and the hulks are then towed to PSNS. Reusable equipment is removed at the same time as the fuel.
Spent nuclear fuel is shipped by rail to the Naval Reactor Facility in the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), located 67 kilometers (42 miles) northwest of Idaho Falls, Idaho, where it is stored. The fuel is not reprocessed.
At PSNS the SRP proper begins. A submarine is cut into three or four pieces: the aft section, the reactor compartment, the missile compartment if one exists, and the forward section. Missile compartments are dismantled according to the provisions of the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty. Reactor compartments are sealed at both ends and shipped by barge and multiple-wheel high-capacity trailers to the Department of Energy's Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington state where they are buried. The burial trenches have been evaluated to be secure for at least 600 years before the first pinhole penetration of some lead containment areas of the reactor compartment packages occurs, and several thousand years before leakage becomes possible.
Until 1991, the forward and aft sections of the submarines were rejoined and placed in floating storage. Various proposals for disposal of those hulks were considered, including sinking them at sea, but none were economically practical. All required removal of the numerous polychlorinated biphenyl products (PCBs) on board, which are considered hazardous materials by the Environmental Protection Agency and United States Coast Guard. In order to reduce the costs, the remaining submarine sections are recycled, returning reusable materials to production. In the process of submarine recycling, all hazardous and toxic wastes are identified and removed, reusable equipment is removed and put into inventory. Scrap metals and all other materials are sold to private companies or reused. The overall process is not profitable, but does provide some cost relief. Disposal of submarines by the SRP costs the US$25-50 million per submarine.
By the end of 2005, 195 nuclear submarines had been ordered or built in the US (including the NR-1 Deep Submergence Craft and Virginia, but none of the later Virginias). The last of the regular Sturgeon attack boats, L. Mendel Rivers was decommissioned in 2001, and Parche, a highly-modified Sturgeon, was decommissioned in 2004. The last of the "41 for Freedom", Kamehameha was decommissioned in 2002. Decommissioning of the Los Angeles boats began in 1995 with the badly-damaged Baton Rouge. Additionally, a handful of nuclear powered cruisers have entered the program, and their dismantlement is ongoing. Note that the United States operates nuclear powered aircraft carriers, but as of 2006 no nuclear powered carrier has been decommissioned. Hulks waiting or already processed by the recycling program include:
[edit] Cruisers
| Ship Name (Hull Number) | Start Date | Completion Date |
|---|---|---|
| ex-Long Beach (CGN-9) | 1 May 2009[1] | Not started |
| ex-Bainbridge (CGN/DLGN-25) | 1 October 1997 | 30 October 1999 |
| ex-Truxtun (CGN/DLGN-35) | 1 October 1997 | 28 April 1999 |
| ex-California (CGN/DLGN-36) | 1 October 1998 | 12 May 2000 |
| ex-South Carolina (CGN/DLGN-37) | 1 June 2007[1] | Not started |
| ex-Virginia (CGN/DLGN-38) | 1 October 1999 | 25 September 2002 |
| ex-Texas (CGN/DLGN-39) | 1 October 1999 | 30 October 2001 |
| ex-Mississippi (CGN/DLGN-40) | 1 October 2004[1] | Ongoing[1] |
| ex-Arkansas (CGN/DLGN-41) | Unknown | 1 November 1999 |
[edit] Attack Submarines
Note that some of these submarines (the George Washington class) were fleet ballistic missile boats for the vast majority of their careers. However, they were briefly converted to SSNs before decommissioning and arrival at PSNS, and so are listed under that designation here.
† A dagger after a completion date indicates that portions of the hulk were preserved as memorials. See the individual articles for details.
‡ Date given for ex-Parche is official date used to secure FY2004 funding; work did not begin until 19 October.[1]
Submarines marked cancelled were scheduled to be inactivated and recycled, but instead will be refueled and given a comprehensive overhaul.
[edit] Ballistic Missile Submarines
Note that some of these submarines (the Lafayette class) were fleet ballistic missile boats for the vast majority of their careers. However, they were converted to SSNs for use as moored training platforms and are not currently scheduled for recycling.
Because the program is underway, this list is almost certainly incomplete.
Note for ships marked with refit: Sam Rayburn (SSBN-635) was converted into a training platform — Moored Training Ship (MTS-635). Sam Rayburn arrived for conversion on 1 February 1986, and on 29 July 1989 the first Moored Training Ship achieved initial criticality. Modifications included special mooring arrangements including a mechanism to absorb power generated by the main propulsion shaft. Daniel Webster (SSBN-626) was converted to the second Moored Training Ship (MTS-2 / MTS-626) in 1993. The Moored Training Ship Site is located at Naval Weapons Station Charleston in Goose Creek, South Carolina. Sam Rayburn is scheduled to operate as an MTS until 2014 while undergoing shipyard availabilities at four year intervals.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Morison, Samuel Loring (December 2006). "U.S. Naval Battle Force Changes". Proceedings of the Naval Institute 132 (12): 59–60. ISSN 0041-798X. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.
| Life Cycle of a Navy Ship |
| Service Life |
| Ship naming and launching | Ship commissioning | Ship decommissioning |
After Decommissioning |
| Reserve fleet | Scrapping | Recycling | Scuttling or Weapons testing | Museum ship |
