Sheffield Outrages
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Sheffield's early success in steel production had involved long working hours, in desperately unpleasant conditions which offered little or no safety protection. "The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844" quotes a local doctor, Dr. Knight, reagrding the so-called "Grinder's Asthma" suffered by the Sheffield cutlery workers in the mid 19th. century: "They usually begin their work in the fourteenth year, and if they have good constitutions, rarely notice any symptoms before the twentieth year. Then the symptoms of their peculiar disease appear. They suffer from shortness of breath at the slightest effort in going up hill or up stairs, they habitually raise the shoulders to relieve the permanent and increasing want of breath; they bend forward, and seem, in general, to feel most comfortable in the crouching position in which they work. Their complexion becomes dirty yellow, their features express anxiety, they complain of pressure on the chest. Their voices become rough and hoarse, they cough loudly, and the sound is as if air were driven through a wooden tube". It was, perhaps, no coincidence, therefore, that the city became one of the main centres for trade union organisation and agitation in the United Kingdom. By the 1860s, industrial unrest culminated in the Sheffield Outrages, the nadir of which was a series of explosions and murders carried out by a small group of ultra-extremist militants.
By the mid-late 1860s the preponderance of the objectives of the Chartist movement had largely been frustrated. These social and political reformers had not accomplished all they had hoped to, except in small measure. These had included the establishment of the first town council in 1843. (Eventually, the great majority of the items of their 'charter' did, in fact, become law).
Social and working conditions in industrial England were not showing any significant improvement and the, as yet unrecognised, trade unions struggled to protect the interests of their members. These conditions provoked great discontent and eventually militant action. In some isolated incidents, workmen even began to use violence to punish employers and also those fellow-workers who would not become union members; the so-called "Sheffield Outrages".
The trade unions themselves sought a formal inquiry to establish the facts of the matter, largely as a result of accusations in the newspapers of complicity in these outrages. On November 17th. 1866 a delegation, which included members of the Sheffield Trades Council and the London Trades Councils, requested that the Home Secretary take the necessary measures to investigate.
This lead to a Special Commission of Enquiry into these occurrences in May 1867. Immunity was offered to all who gave evidence and, as a result a number of people were encouraged to testify. Among these was William Broadhead, the Secretary of the Sawgrinders' Union at that time, who described how he had paid two workmen £5 to murder a man called Linley who had taken on too many apprentices; in practice, a method of acquiring cheap labour.
