Shebang (Unix)
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In computing, a shebang (also called a hashbang) is a specific pair of characters used in a special line that begins a text file (commonly called a script) causing Unix-like operating systems to execute the commands in the text file using a specified interpreter (program) when executed.
A shebang consists of a number sign and an exclamation point character ("#!") in the first two columns of the first line, followed by the path to the interpreter program that will provide the interpretation. The name shebang comes from an inexact contraction of sharp bang or haSH bang, referring to the two typical Unix names of the two characters. Unix jargon uses sharp or hash to refer to the number sign character and bang to refer to the exclamation point, hence shebang. Another theory on sh in shebang's name is from default shell sh, usually invoked with shebang.
Because the "#" character is used as the comment marker in these executable text files, the actual contents of the shebang line will be ignored by the interpreter; the shebang line only exists to specify the correct interpreter to be used.
The shebang is actually a human-readable instance of a magic number in the executable file (with shebang equalling the magic byte string 0x23 0x21). Executable files that do not require an interpreter program start with other magic combinations. (See File format for more details of magic numbers.)
Some operating systems use the combination "#! /" (i.e. four bytes) for detection; therefore omitting the space character might (slightly) decrease portability.
Some typical shebang lines:
#!/bin/bash— Execute usingbashprogram in the/bin/directory#!/bin/csh— Execute usingcsh, the C shell instead#!/bin/ksh— Execute using the Korn shell#!/bin/awk— Execute using awk program in the/bin/directory#!/bin/sh— Execute usingshprogram in the/bin/directory (On some systems, such as Solaris, this is the Bourne shell. On Linux systems there is usually no Bourne shell and this is a link to another shell, such as bash. Using #!/bin/sh in shell scripts will thus invoke different shells on different systems. However, the Single UNIX Specification specifies certain requirements for /bin/sh, and some shells, such as bash, will alter their behaviour to match them when invoked with the name "sh".)#!/usr/bin/perl— Execute using Perl#!/usr/bin/python— Execute using Python#!/usr/bin/env— Invocation of some other program using env program in/usr/bindirectory#!/bin/ruby- Execute using Ruby
Shebang lines can also include specific options that will be passed to the interpreter; see the examples below. However, implementations differ widely on how options are parsed.
It is common for different variants of even the same operating system to have different locations for the desired interpreter. In the absence of a rigidly standardised filesystem structure among different Unix systems, this method can also limit the portability of the file. Thus, it is not uncommon to need to edit the shebang line after copying a script from one computer to another because the path that was coded into the script may not apply on a new machine. For this and other reasons, POSIX does not standardize the feature.
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[edit] History
The shebang was introduced by Dennis Ritchie between Version 7 Unix and 8 at Bell Labs. It was then also added to the BSD line at Berkeley (present in 4BSD and activated per default in 4.2BSD)[1]. As Version 8 and later versions were not released to the public, the first widely known appearance of this feature was on BSD.
[edit] Example shebang lines
This file is a shell script, the equivalent under Unix systems of a DOS batch file:
#!/bin/sh # # The rest of the shell script ...
This file is an AWK script:
#!/bin/awk -f # # The rest of the AWK script ...
This file is a Perl script, to be run with 'warnings' enabled (-w):
#!/usr/bin/perl -w # # The rest of the Perl script ...
This file is also a Perl script, but it assumes that the Perl interpreter is in a different place. Also, the Perl interpreter is run without extra warnings being enabled.
#!/usr/local/bin/perl # # The rest of the Perl script ...
This file is a quine (though an illegal one):
#!/bin/cat Any text can be placed below the shebang.
Invocation via the env program is useful for two purposes:
searching for a program via the PATH environment variable:
#!/usr/bin/env python # # The rest of the Python script ...
and invoking a program which is itself a #! script:
#!/usr/bin/env /usr/local/bin/compileAndGo "$@" ...
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- Details about the shebang mechanism on various Unix flavours
- #! - the Unix truth as far as I know it (a more generic approach)
- FOLDOC shebang article
- Unix F.A.Q (search for #! there)
