Second Continental Congress

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The Second Continental Congress was a body of representatives appointed by the legislatures of several British North American colonies which met from May 10, 1775, to March 1, 1781. The First Continental Congress had sent entreaties to the British King to stop the Intolerable Acts and had created the Articles of Association to establish a coordinated protest of the Intolerable Acts; in particular, a boycott had been placed on British goods. That Congress had provided that the Second Continental Congress would meet on May 10, 1775, to plan further responses if the British government had not repealed or modified the Intolerable Acts. The Congress referred to the new nation as "The United Colonies" until July 4, 1776, when it switched to "the United States of America."


Contents

[edit] Convention

By the time the Second Continental Congress met, the American Revolutionary War had already started with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. Thus, the Congress found itself in the unenviable position of being the decision-making body of a military alliance at war with a far more powerful enemy.

$2 paper money issued in name of United Colonies, 1775
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$2 paper money issued in name of United Colonies, 1775

The Continental Army was created on June 14, 1775, to oppose the British, and General George Washington was appointed commander in chief the following day. On July 8, 1775, they extended the Olive Branch Petition to the crown as an attempt at reconciliation. King George III refused to receive it. Silas Deane was sent to France as an minister (ambassador) of the Congress. American ports were reopened in defiance of the Navigation Acts. Most importantly, in July 1776, they declared independence. The actual ordinance of independence, known as the Lee Resolution, passed on July 2, and the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4 and signed on August 2.

John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence depicts many of the figures involved in the drafting and adoption of the Declaration, although it is not a historically accurate representation of either the reporting or the adoption of the Declaration.
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John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence depicts many of the figures involved in the drafting and adoption of the Declaration, although it is not a historically accurate representation of either the reporting or the adoption of the Declaration.[1]

The Continental Congress was forced to flee Philadelphia at the end of September 1777, as British troops occupied the erstwhile capital of the United States. The Congress simply repaired to York, Pennsylvania, and continued their work.

On November 17, 1777, Congress passed the Articles of Confederation, uniting the states in a formal alliance akin to the Delian League. Congress urged the individual states to pass the Articles as quickly as possible. However, it took three and a half years for all the states to ratify the Articles. In the meantime, the Second Continental Congress tried to lead the new country through the war with very little money and little real power. Finally, on March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified. The Second Continental Congress adjourned and the same delegates met the next day as the new Congress of the Confederation. It would be the Confederation Congress that would oversee the conclusion of the American Revolution.

John Hancock was the president of the Second Continental Congress and of the Congress of Confederation.

[edit] Colonies

The colonies convening at the Second Continental Congress were:

* renamed "Delaware Colony" in 1776

Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not send delegates to the Second Continental Congress on May 10, 1775. On May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. John's in the Colony of Georgia, not as a delegate from the colony itself.[2] On July 4, 1775, Georgia began a provincial congress to decide how to respond to the American Revolution, and that congress decided on July 8 to send delegates to the Continental Congress. They arrived on July 20.[3]

[edit] Dates and places of sessions

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ The Declaration of Independence. Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
  2. ^ (1904–1937) Worthington C. Ford, et al. (ed.): Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, 2:44–48.
  3. ^ ibid., 2:192–193.

[edit] Bibliography

  • Burnet, Edmund C. [1941] (1975). The Continental Congress. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0-8371-8386-3.
  • Henderson, H. James [1974] (2002). Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8191-6525-5.
  • Montross, Lynn [1950] (1970). The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-03973-X.

[edit] External links


v • d • e
Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War

1774:  First Continental Congress · Articles of Association    1775:  Independence Hall · Second Continental Congress    1776:  Betsy Ross Flag · United States Declaration of Independence · Pennsylvania Constitution · Washington's crossing of the Delaware    1777:  Articles of Confederation · Philadelphia campaign · Battle of Brandywine · Battle of the Clouds · Liberty Bell moved to Allentown · Paoli massacre · Battle of Germantown · Siege of Fort Mifflin · Battle of White Marsh · Battle of Matson's Ford · Valley Forge    1778:  Battle of Crooked Billet · Battle of Barren Hill · Philadelphia recaptured · Wyoming Valley battle and massacre    1781:  Congress of the Confederation

Location of the capital of the United States
First Continental Congress 1774 Philadelphia
Second Continental Congress 1775 to 1781 Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York
Congress of the Confederation 1781 to 1789 Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton  → New York
United States Congress 1789 to date New York → Philadelphia → Washington
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