Seán Russell

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Seán Russell (1893-14 August 1940) was an Irish republican and a chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (IRA).

1 Early life
2 Post Civil War activism
3 S-Plan in USA 1939
4 Arrival in Berlin May 1940
5 Operation Dove & death aboard U-65
6 Legacy to Republicanism
7 Attacks on memorial to Seán Russell
8 Footnotes
9 Sources
10 See also

[edit] Early life

Born in Fairview, Dublin in 1893, Russell joined the Irish Volunteers in 1913. He participated in the 1916 Easter Rising as an officer in Dublin Brigade’s 2nd Battalion. Following the Rising he was interned in Frongoch and Knutsford. After the Anglo-Irish War began, he was attached to the IRA's headquarters staff (GHQ) and became director of munitions in 1920. In 1925, after the Irish Civil War, he was jailed in Mountjoy Prison but escaped on 25 November in a breakout he helped organise.

[edit] Post Civil War activism

Russell was one of those within the IRA pushing for more militant activities in 1926. That year he and Gerald Boland travelled to the Soviet Union on an IRA weapons buying mission. He was appointed IRA quartermaster general in 1927 and held that position until 1936. He travelled widely throughout Ireland reorganising the IRA during 1929-31. Russell was due to give the oration at the 1931 Bodenstown commemoration but was arrested on its eve.

He visited the United States in the autumn of 1932. During the Northern Ireland rail strike of 1933 he organised IRA intervention from Belfast. Russell remained aloof from the IRA's political debates and following the split of 1934 chaired the court-martial of Mick Price and Peadar O'Donnell who had left the IRA to form the left wing Republican Congress. He met Irish Taoiseach Eamon de Valera at Government Buildings during 1934.

While in the United States during 1936 he seems to have conceived along with Joseph McGarrity, the plan for the bombing campaign in England. In January 1937, Russell was accused of misappropriating funds by the IRA leadership and was court martialled. He had also embarked on his American tour without Army Council permission. He stayed out of Dublin until October 1937, when he approached the IRA leadership in an attempt to convince them that the campaign in England should go ahead. In April 1938 an IRA General Army Convention was held, and Russell and his supporters (including McGarrity and IRA members from Northern Ireland) secured enough support to get a majority on the IRA Army Executive and to get him re-instated in the organisation and elected to the Army Council. This has been described as a "take over" by historian Brian Hanley. After becoming IRA chief of staff, he put into motion the bombing campaign and contacts with Nazi Germany and during the summer of 1938, the IRA held training classes in explosives throughout the country.

Believing it to be the legitimate government of the Irish Republic, in January 1939, the IRA Army Council under Russell's leadership declared war on Britain. The so-called Sabotage Campaign commenced some days later with bomb attacks on a number of English cities. Following this Russell was also involved in a meeting with German Intelligence (Abwehr) agent Oscar Pfaus. See main article IRA Abwehr WW2.

[edit] S-Plan in USA 1939

To pursue the propaganda arm of the S-Plan Russell travelled to the United States in April 1939. The aim of his journey was to 'show the flag' and place himself in the public mind as the leader of militant Irish nationalism.^[1] While there Russell made several public addresses and was detained by the Secret Service in Detroit during the American visit of King George VI. The incident immediately aroused enormous indignation among Irish-Americans, culminating in a protest by the seventy-six members of the US Congress who were of Irish descent, who demanded an explanation from Roosevelt about the 'Russell Case', failing which they would not participate in the Congress reception for the King of the United Kingdom.^[2]

While in the United States Russell met with his Clan na Gael host Joseph McGarrity and Robert Monteith, one of Casement's colleagues in 1916, and at that time director of Father Charles Coughlin's National Union for Social Justice. Anxious to skip his bail, which expired on April 16, he made contact through the offices of McGarrity with German agent 'V-Rex', also known as Carl Rekowski, who contacted John McCarthy – a steward on the steamer 'George Washington' berthed in Tampico, Florida. The 'George Washington' then sailed to (then neutral) Italy. A subsequent meeting between McCarthy and Abwehr agent 'Professor' Franz Fromme was held between 19 and 30 March 1940 in Genoa. This meeting arranged for Russell's journey across the Atlantic, his arrival in Genoa on 1 May and reception in Berlin four days later.

[edit] Arrival in Berlin May 1940

Once in Berlin, Russell was informed of Operation Mainau, the plan to parachute by Dr. Hermann Görtz into Ireland. Russell was asked to brief Görtz on Ireland before his departure that night but missed his takeoff from the Kassel-Fritzlar airfield. Russell is also thought to have talked with the German Foreign Ministry and Abwehr about raising an "Irish Brigade" from Irish national POW's captured fighting for the British Army. The Germans were to eventually give up on this idea in 1943 after only being able to select ten suitable volunteers from the approx. 180 who joined Stalag XX A (301) in Germany.

By 20th May 1940, Russell had begun training with Abwehr in the use of the latest German explosive ordnance. This training was conducted at the Abwehr training school/lab in Berlin-Tegel which specialised in the design of explosives as everyday objects. Russell also visited the training area for the Brandenburg Regiment, the 'Quenzgut' where he observed trainees and instructors working with sabotage materials in a field environment. As he received explosives training his return to Ireland with a definite sabotage objective was planned by German Intelligence. His total training time with German Intelligence was over 3 months.

[edit] Operation Dove & death aboard U-65

On July 15th 1940, Frank Ryan - an IRA man who had fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War and was captured by Franco forces - was handed over to the Abwehr and taken to Germany. The capture of the German agents from Operation Lobster I did not prevent Abwehr Chief Canaris sanctioning the transport of Russell to Ireland. Both Russell and Frank Ryan, (who had arrived in Berlin on August 4th), departed aboard U-65 from Wilhelmshaven on 8th August- the mission was titled Operation Dove ("Unternehmen Taube" in German).

Russell became ill during the journey and complained of stomach pains. U-65 was not equipped with a doctor and he died on 14th August 100 miles short of Galway. He was buried at sea and the mission aborted. Following the return of the submarine to Germany an inquiry was set up into Russell's death by the Abwehr. This inquiry included the interrogation of U-65's crew and Frank Ryan. The conclusion drawn was that Russell had suffered a burst gastric ulcer and without medical attention he had died.

A number of conspiracy theories arose around the subject of Russell's death including that he was poisoned onboard ship, shot by the British Secret Service in France, or murdered by Kurt Haller. However, Russell's brother, Patrick, confirmed after the war that he suffered from pre-existing stomach problems and as a result did not drink alcohol.

[edit] Legacy to Republicanism

Russell became the idol of traditionalist republicanism during the 1950s and a memorial to him was unveiled by Cumann Uaigheann Na Laochra Gael, (the National Graves Association group), in Dublin's Fairview Park, September 1951 (see [1]). The group claims its mission is to:

restore, where necessary, and maintain fittingly the graves and memorials of our patriot dead of every generation.

Russell's legacy is deeply contested. Both Provisional Sinn Féin and Republican Sinn Féin continue to commemorate him as an Irish patriot. Others condemn him as a Nazi collaborator. Irish historian Brian Hanley suggests that Russell was not a Nazi but concludes that his letters to his German contacts "betray astonishing political naiveté". In September 2003, then Sinn Féin MEP Mary Lou McDonald spoke at a rally to commemorate Russell held at the site of the memorial. The same rally was also addressed by then alleged Provisional IRA Army Council member Brian Keenan who said:

I don't know, what was in the depth of Seán Russell's thinking down the years, but I am sure he was never far from Pearse's own position, who said, as a patriot, preferring death to slavery, I know no other way.

There are things worse than bloodshed, and slavery is one of them. We are not and will not be slaves"^[3] (the last words being, incongruosly, an almost precise quotation from Rule, Britannia...)

[edit] Attacks on memorial to Seán Russell

After the memorial was erected, the raised right arm was broken off by right-wing activists. They explained the vandalism by claiming the arm had been raised in a communist salute rather than oratorical pose.^[4] Following this the damaged arm was replaced posed downward instead of raised.

A campaign arising in the 1990s aimed at forcing Dublin City Council to remove Russell's memorial from Fairview Park is also alleged. It is claimed that agitation against the memorial to Seán Russell has involved Kevin Myers, former Irish Times Columnist, and Fianna Fáil MEP Eoin Ryan, (formerly Dublin City Council councillor).

The most recent attack on the memorial dated 31st December 2004, saw the decapitation of the memorial by an unnamed anti-fascist group. The memorial's right forearm was also removed. A statement issued to the press in justification of the vandalism read (verbatim):

Six million Jews, thousands of political dissidents, homosexuals, Roma people, Soviet prisoners of war and the disabled were put to death by the fascist hate machine that overran and terrified Europe from 1939 to 45. Sean Russell was one of many nationalist fanatics who looked to Hitler for political and military support in the IRA's quest to reunify Ireland at the point of the bayonets of the Gestapo. At the Wansee conference, the infamous Nazi gathering that planned the "Final Solution", the Jewish community in Ireland was marked down for annihilation. Having freed Ireland from British rule, the Nazis expected their collaborators to help them round up Dublin's Jews and ship them off to Auschwitz. That was the price Sean Russell was prepared to pay to end partition.

The missing pieces of the memorial have not yet been recovered. A spokesman for The National Graves Association has since announced that the memorial to Seán Russell will be rebuilt in more permanent bronze to deter vandals.^[5]

[edit] Footnotes

^ Russell also had another motive- there was concern that the main pipeline of financial aid to the IRA, the profits from Clan na Gael's Irish Hospital Sweepstake fund, were being skimmed. See Hull P.61.
^ Stephan, Enno, Spies in Ireland, Macdonald & Co., 1963, pp. 41-42. and report of Seán Russell arrest
^ See An Phoblacht 21 August, 2003 available here. (Free registration required)
^ Stephan Page 112
^ See Times article available here.

[edit] Sources

Culleton, Brendan & Maldea, Irina, Seamróg agus Swastica (English: Shamrock & Swastika), Dublin (Akajava Films), 2002. (Broadcast on TG4, 24 January 2002.
Hanley, Brian, The IRA. 1926-1936, Dublin (Four Courts Press), 2002. ISBN 1851827218
Mark M. Hull, Irish Secrets. German Espionage in Wartime Ireland 1939-1945 2003. ISBN 071652756
Enno Stephan, Spies in Ireland 1963. ISBN 1194759395
Carolle J. Carter, The Shamrock and the Swastika 1977. ISBN 0870152211