Scoville scale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Scoville scale is a measure of the "hotness" of a chili pepper. These fruits of the Capsicum genus contain capsaicin, a chemical compound which stimulates thermoreceptor nerve endings in the skin, especially the mucus membranes, and the number of Scoville heat units (SHU) indicates the amount of capsaicin present. Many hot sauces use their Scoville rating in advertising as a selling point. The scale is named after its creator, chemist Wilbur Scoville.
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[edit] Measurement techniques
[edit] Scoville Organoleptic Test
Scoville's original method for testing hotness was called the Scoville Organoleptic Test, which he developed in 1912[1]. As originally devised, a solution of the pepper extract is diluted in sugar water until the "heat" is no longer detectable to a panel of (usually five) tasters; the degree of dilution gives its measure on the Scoville scale. Thus a sweet pepper or a bell pepper, containing no capsaicin at all, has a Scoville rating of zero, meaning no heat detectable even undiluted. Conversely, the hottest chiles, such as habaneros, have a rating of 300,000 or more, indicating that their extract has to be diluted 300,000-fold before the capsaicin present is undetectable. The greatest weakness of the Scoville Organoleptic Test is its imprecision, because it relies on human subjectivity.
[edit] High performance liquid chromatography (the "Gillett Method")
Spice heat is now usually measured by a method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (also known as the "Gillett Method"). This identifies and measures the heat-producing chemicals. They are then used in a mathematical formula in which they are weighted according to their relative capacity to produce a sensation of heat. This method actually yields results, not in Scoville units, but in "ASTA pungency units." A measurement of one part capsaicin per million corresponds to about 15 Scoville units, and the published method says that ASTA pungency units can be multiplied by 15 and reported as Scoville units. This conversion is approximate, and Tainter and Grenis say that there is consensus that it gives results about 20-40% lower than the actual Scoville method would have given.[2]
[edit] List of Scoville ratings
Pungency values for any pepper, stated in "Scoville units," are imprecise, due to expected variation within a species—easily by a factor of 10 or more—depending on seed lineage, climate and even soil (this is especially true of habaneros). The inaccuracies described in the measurement methods above also contribute to the imprecision of these values. When interpreting Scoville ratings, this should be kept in mind.[2][3]
| Scoville rating | Type of pepper |
|---|---|
| 15,000,000 - 16,000,000 | Pure capsaicin[4][5][6][7] |
| 9,100,000 | Nordihydrocapsaicin[7] |
| 2,000,000 - 5,300,000 | Standard US Grade pepper spray [8][1] |
| 855,000 - 1,041,427 | Naga Jolokia [9][10] |
| 876,000 - 970,000 | Dorset Naga [11][8] |
| 350,000 - 577,000 | Red Savina Habanero[12][8] |
| 100,000 - 350,000 | Habanero Chile [13] |
| 100,000 - 350,000 | Scotch Bonnet [13] |
| 100,000 - 200,000 | Jamaican Hot Pepper [8][14] |
| 50,000 - 100,000 | Thai Pepper [14], Malagueta Pepper, Chiltepin Pepper [7] |
| 30,000 - 50,000 | Cayenne Pepper [14], Ají pepper [13] |
| 10,000 - 23,000 | Serrano Pepper [14] |
| 7,000 - 8,000 | Tabasco Sauce (Habanero)[15] |
| 5,000 - 10,000 | Wax Pepper [14] |
| 2,500 - 8,000 | Jalapeño Pepper [14] |
| 2,500 - 5,000 | Tabasco Sauce (Pepper) [15] |
| 1,500 - 2,500 | Rocotillo Pepper [14] |
| 1,000 - 1,500 | Poblano Pepper [14] |
| 600 - 800 | Tabasco Sauce (Green Pepper) [15] |
| 500 - 1000 | New Mexico pepper [14] |
| 100 - 500 | Pimento [8], Pepperoncini [14] |
| 0 | No heat, Bell Pepper [8][14] |
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ The Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 1912; 1:453-4
- ^ a b Tainter, Donna R., Anthony T. Grenis (2001). Spices and Seasonings. Wiley-IEEE, p.30. ISBN 0-471-35575-5. — "Interlab variation [for the original Scoville scale] could be as high as + / - 50%. However, labs that run these procedures could generate reasonably repeatable results."
- ^ Ula, Sushella. "Fire and Spice", Food Product Design, May 1996. — "Scoville unit measurements cause errors due to build up of heat, rapid taste fatigue, increased taste threshold, and poor reproducibility. Scott Harris, technical service manager for Cal Compack Foods, Santa Ana, CA is quoted as saying "The coefficient of error is 50% for the Scoville method and less than 12% for the HPLC method."
- ^ Ula (1996), op. cit. "The HPLC measures the capsaicinoid(s) in ppm, which can then be converted to Scoville units using a conversion factor of 15, 20 or 30 depending on the capsaicinoid." This would make capsaicin 15,000,000
- ^ Method 21.1 High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Manufacturer's website, describes procedure for measuring capsaicin strength and converting to Scoville units by "assuming" pure capsaicin = 15,000,000 Scoville
- ^ What Is Capsaicin? What Are Scoville Heat Units? Garden site, says material "courtesy of Peppermania;" lists pure capsaicin at "15,000,000-16,000,000"
- ^ a b c Chili Pepper Club Members love it Hot, Hot, Hot!. Scoville Capsaicin Chart. Retrieved on 2006-04-03.
- ^ a b c d e f de Bruxelles, Simon. "The chilli so hot you need gloves", Times, 1 April 2006.
- ^ By commercial HPLC analysis in 2004.
- ^ High SC rating report for Jolokia acknowledged as sighted by Dorset Naga cultivar developer.
- ^ Savill, Richard. "Dorset claims world's hottest chilli", Daily Telegraph, 1 April 2006.
- ^ Hottest Spice. Guinness World Records. Retrieved on 2006-05-21.
- ^ a b c Chile Pepper Heat Scoville Scale. About.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k A few items of interest for those interested in chili peppers. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.
- ^ a b c Show me the range of Scoville ratings for TABASCO® Sauces. Tabasco.
[edit] See also
- Schmidt Sting Pain Index to compare the overall pain of insect stings
