Satellite galaxy

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The Andromeda Galaxy with its two closest satellite galaxies M32, and M110.

The Large Magellanic Cloud, the largest satellite galaxy to our Milky way.

A satellite galaxy orbits a larger galaxy, due to gravitational attraction. Though a galaxy is made of a large number of objects (such as stars, planets, and nebulae) which are not connected to each other, it has a center of mass, which represents a weighted average (by mass) of the positions of each component object. This is similar to how an everyday object has a center of mass which is the weighted average of the positions of all its component atoms.

In a pair of orbiting galaxies, if one is considerably larger than the other, then the larger is the "primary" and the smaller is the satellite. If two orbiting galaxies are about the same size, then they are said to form a binary system.

Galaxies which encounter one another from certain directions may collide, merge, rip each other apart, or transfer some member objects. In these situations, it can be difficult to tell where one galaxy ends and where another begins. "Collisions" between galaxies do not necessarily involve collisions between object from one galaxy and objects from the other, since they are mostly empty space.