Sangharakshita
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
Please see the discussion on the talk page. |
Sangharakshita (1925-) is the founder of the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO), and the Western Buddhist Order (WBO). He is a prodigious author and public speaker on the subject of Buddhism, especially Buddhism in the West. He is a somewhat controversial figure, admired by his followers for his work in India and the West as well as for his efforts to make the Buddha's teachings accessible to many people throughout the world, while being seen by some ex-disciples as having fallen into the classic Guru pitfalls of narcissism and misuse of power[citation needed].
Contents |
[edit] Early life
Sangharakshita was born Dennis Lingwood in Tooting London, in 1925. During his childhood he was confined to bed for two years due to a wrongly diagnosed heart condition, during which time he read prodigiously and started to become acquainted with art, culture and philosophy. At 16 he read a copy of the Diamond Sutra and had mystical experiences which confirmed for him that he was a Buddhist and always had been. During World War II he was posted to India, and after the war stayed on to pursue ordination as a Bhikkhu.
[edit] India
While he was waiting to be demobilised after World War II Sangharakshita decided that he was going to stay in India. He gave away his possessions and burnt his identification. For the next two years he and a companion wandered around India, mostly in the south. They lived on almsfood and practised meditation. During this period Sangharakshita met many well known Hindu teachers including Ramana Maharshi. He also made contact with the Mahabodhi Society. At the end of this period of wandering, Sangharakshita determined to seek ordination as a Buddhist monk. To this end he and his companion caught a train to Delhi and then made their way to Sarnath. The monks there were suspicious of this wild-looking pair that appeared out of nowhere and refused to give them the ordination. They then travelled on foot, during the hottest time of the year, to Kushinara where they were both given the shramana, or novice, ordination, by the Burmese monk U Chandramani. However, although they were ordained, U Chandramani and the other monks at Kushinara made it clear that he could offer nothing in the way of on going support, and suggested that they contact Bhikkhu Jagdish Kashyap in Benares. Kasyap, professor of Pali at Benares Hindu University, welcomed Sangharakshita, who stayed on for 8 months studying Pali, Abhidhamma, and Buddhist logic. At the end of this period Sangharakshita and Kashyap went on a tour in the region of Darjeeling. Kashyap had been considering his own future, and was planning to leave the university. Consequently he, rather unceremoniously, left Sangharakshita in the hill town of Kalimpong with the injunction to "work for the good of Buddhism". Kalimpong was to be his base for 14 years until his return to England in 1966.
During his time in India Sangharakshita met many remarkable spiritual teachers, and although ordained in the Theravada school was always open to other forms of Buddhism. In particular Sangharakshita was influenced by Tibetan Buddhist teachers who fled Tibet after the Chinese invasion in the 1950s. Perhaps the most influential was Dhardo Rimpoche an incarnate lama who, like the Dalai Lama, is said to be reborn in the world again and again, out of compassion for beings. Dhardo Rimpoche was both friend and teacher to Sangharakshita, and gave him the Bodhisattva ordination - which consists of a series of vows which commit the ordinand to saving all beings, everywhere from all suffering, over as many lifetimes as it takes, by what ever means necessary. C. M. Chen was also a strong influence on Sangharakshita, teaching him about Ch'an and Vajrayana practices.
[edit] Return to the West
In the mid 1960s Sangharakshita received an invitation to visit England, to help with a dispute that had arisen at the Hampstead Buddhist Vihara. Sangharakshita's ecumenical approach, which embraced many strands of the Buddhist tradition, was in contrast to the strict Theravadin style Buddhism at the vihara. This won him both friends and enemies. It became clear to him that there was a desire and a need amongst many of his friends for more thorough-going Buddhist teaching and a willingness on their part to respond positively to that, and he decided to stay in England. However after he had left for a farewell tour of India he received a letter telling him he was no longer welcome at the Hampstead Vihara, and that he should not return. The Vihara's organising committee were evidently piqued by his committed and uncompromisingly non-sectarian approach, and tried to discredit him by casting aspersions on the nature of his close friendship with Terry Delamare. These aspersions were altogether irrational in view of the fact of Terry's heterosexual orientation. There were, inevitably, two sides to this dispute, and it must be added that Sangharakshita's subsequent, and well-documented, behaviour (see e.g. Yashomitra's article at www.fwbo-files.com) shows that he was quite capable of persuading young heterosexual men that to have sex with him would be good for their "spiritual development". He was also seen by some at the Hampstead Buddhist Vihara as authoritarian and "impossible to work with." (Rev Jack Austin)
The result was that after consulting with friends and teachers in India, especially Dhardo Rimpoche, Sangharakshita decided to return to England to start a new Buddhist movement. Accordingly he founded the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order in 1967. The Western Buddhist Order was founded a year later when he ordained the first men and women.
The first home of the new movement was a basement shop in Monmouth Street in central London, where Sangharakshita not only led meditation and pujas and conducted question and answer sessions, but also set out the cushions, made the tea, and cleaned up afterwards.
The FWBO and the WBO are an attempt to translate Buddhism into a western context without the sectarianism that seems to characterise Buddhism in the East. The FWBO is now a growing international movement.
[edit] Sangharakshita's teachers
- Bhikkhu Jagdish Kashyap : with whom Sangharakshita studied Pali and Buddhist Logic. It was Kashyapji who took Sangharakshita to Kalimpong and asked him to stay and work for the Dharma.
- C. M. Chen (1906-1987) : aka Yogi Chen, a hermit and meditator who taught Sangharakshita meditation.
- Dhardo Rimpoche : incarnate Lama from Tibet.
- Chetul Sangye Dorje
- Kachu Rimpoche
- Dudjom Rimpoche
- Dilgo Khyentse Rimpoche
- Jamyang Khyentse Rimpoche
[edit] Distinctive teachings
Sangharakshita is a mixture of conservative and radical. He emphasises basic Buddhist teachings, like conditionality, and the Four Noble Truths, while at the same time disregarding teachings which he sees as no longer relevant. He was ordained as a Theravadin Bhikkhu, but sought Tantric initiations from Tibetan lamas.
Going for Refuge has become central to how Sangharakshita thinks about the Dharma. He sees it as the central act of being, or becoming a Buddhist. In response to suffering and dissatisfaction we seek refuge in a variety of places: relationships, sex, chocolate, material things. However, the only True Refuges, according to Buddhism, are the Three Jewels, i.e. the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. A Buddhist is someone who goes for refuge to the Three Jewels.
One can trace the development of his thought in his writings. In A Survey of Buddhism for instance, he suggests that it is the Bodhisattva Ideal that provides the unifying factor that ties all the disparate threads of Buddhism together. However, several years later, by the time the Three Jewels was published, this changed and Going for Refuge had become central. Sangharakshita traces the development of his thinking in A History of My Going For Refuge. He sees this re-emphasis of Going for Refuge as a restatement of what was originally intended by Buddhism. In Sangharakshita's thinking about Going for Refuge there are several levels in a hierarchy. Ethnic Going for Refuge is when one is born into a Buddhist culture and practice is a matter more of social conditioning than personal commitment. Having made a decision to commit oneself, one is Provisionally Going for Refuge. When Going for refuge is central to one's life, and that commitment is manifesting in ethical behaviour and an ability to practise the Dharma effectively, this is what Sangharakshita calls Effective Going for Refuge. Beyond this are Real Going for Refuge which corresponds with the arising of the Bodhicitta and with Stream Entry, and Absolute Going for Refuge which corresponds with the Dharmakaya.
Another key theme of Sangharakshita's teaching is the importance of friendship. Kalyana mitrata or spiritual friendship is lauded in the Buddhist scriptures, and Sangharakshita has ecouraged his followers to explore friendship as a spiritual practice. It is said for instance that the Order he founded is simply a network of friendships between people who are effectively Going for Refuge.
The order that Sangharakshita founded is neither monastic nor lay, and this aspect of his teachings has attracted much disapproval from traditional Buddhists. He wanted to de-emphasize the distinction between lay people and monastics because he had observed during his time in India that many monks were just going through the motions, and many lay people were devout and effective practitioners. Mahayana Buddhism has attacked the idea that only monks can practise effectively in such texts as the Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra, so Sangharakshita is not unique in this respect. However, the order he created, where effective Going for Refuge is central, is unique. Since Order members are not necessarily celibate it has meant that monks and nuns from traditional orders are unsure what to make of them, and usually decide that they are lay. However, most Order members consider themselves neither wholly lay (since they are often full-time practitioners), nor wholly monastic (since they do not necessarily follow the Vinaya).
Another teaching which Sangharakshita has emphasised is that the Buddha taught two types of Dependent Arising, or Conditioned Co-production. The first is familiar to most Buddhists and suggests that things arise in dependence on causes, and that we cycle between states such as birth and death, pleasure and pain. Reaching Nirvana from this perspective consists in cutting off the causes of birth and death. The second type says that some things arise in dependence on causes and proceed in a progressive manner so that suffering leads to faith, and faith leads to joy, and so on. From this point of view Nirvana arises in dependence on causes. This teaching is apparent in several texts in the Pali Canon, but seems largely overlooked by other Buddhists. It is important because it shows how Dependent Arising is an all-encompassing model of reality - i.e. it includes both the transcendental and the mundane worlds.
[edit] Key Publications
[edit] General Buddhism
- A Survey of Buddhism (1957, 2001)
- The Three Jewels (1967, 1998)
- A Guide to the Buddhist Path (1990, 1996)
[edit] Commentaries
- Wisdom Beyond Words : sense and non-sense in the Buddhist prajnaparamita tradition
- The Inconceivable Emancipation : themes from the Vimalakirti Nirdesa
- The Drama of Cosmic Enlightenment : parables, myths, and symbols of the White Lotus Sutra
- Know Your Mind : the psychological dimension of ethics in Buddhism
- Living with Awareness : a guide to the Satipatthana Sutta
[edit] Memoirs
- The Rainbow Road : from Tooting Broadway to Kalimpong
- Facing Mount Kanchenjunga
- In the Sign of the Golden Wheel
- Moving Against the Stream : The Birth of a New Buddhist Movement
- The History of My Going For Refuge
[edit] Other
- Complete Poems 1941 - 1994
- The Religion of Art
- Ambedkar and Buddhism
- Was the Buddha a Bhikkhu?
[edit] External links
[edit] Sangharakshita
- Sangharakshita's home page: writings and poetry
- Books by Sangharakshita
- Tape lectures by Sangharakshita
- Videos featuring Sangharakshita
- FWBO official website.
- Works by Sangharakshita at Project Gutenberg
