Sami people
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Sami | |
|---|---|
 The Sami flag |
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| Total population | 80,000-100,000 |
| Regions with significant populations | Finland, Norway, Sweden, Russia |
| Language | Sami languages, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Russian |
| Religion | Lutheranism, Orthodoxy, Shamanism |
| Related ethnic groups | unknown |
The Sami people (also Sámi, Saami, Lapps and Laplanders) are the indigenous people of Sápmi, which encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. Their ancestral lands span across an area the size of Sweden in the Nordic countries. The Sami are one of the largest indigenous groups in Europe. Their languages are the Sami languages, which are classified as Finno-Ugric.
Traditional Sami occupations are hunting, fishing, reindeer herding and farming, though only a minority of today's Sami make a living from these activities alone, and virtually none live in a natural economy nor have a nomadic lifestyle. The population is estimated at about 85,000, although it is difficult to establish the exact figure. The Norwegian state recognizes any Norwegian as Sami if they have one great-grandparent whose home language was Sami. Roughly half of all Sami live in Norway, but many live in Sweden too. Finland and Russia are also home to smaller groups located in the far north. The Sami in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called Lovozero/Lujávri, in the central part of the Kola peninsula.
Traditionally, the Sami had a variety of livelihoods; fishing on the coast and in the inland, trapping animals for fur, sheep herding, etc. The best known livelihood is reindeer herding, but only a small percentage of the Sami have been mainly reindeer herders over the last centuries. Today, many Sami lead modern lives in the cities inside and outside the traditional Sami area, with modern jobs. Some 10% still practice reindeer herding, which is for traditional and cultural reasons allowed to Sami people only in some parts of Nordic countries.
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[edit] Lapp or Sami?
The Sami were previously known in other languages as Lap(p). This name was originally used in Sweden and Finland, and from there the word was exported to all major European languages (English: Lapps, German: Lappen, French: lapons). In Scandinavian lapp also means a patch of cloth for mending and one explanation of the name suggests that the Sami wear patched clothes out of poverty. The word has also been interpreted as 'uncivilized' or 'dumb'. Yet another, more recent, etymology is the Finnish word lape, which in this case means 'periphery'. Another term for Sami used locally in Northern Norway is Finn (whereas local Finnish-speakers are called kvæn). However, these names have never been used in the Sami language itself. Sami have always referred to themselves as Sámit (the Samis) or Sápmelaš (of Sami kin), the word Sámi being inflected into various grammatical forms.
Today, all terms other than Sami are best avoided. The Sami institutions, notably the parliaments, the radio and TV stations, theatres etc. all use the term Sami, also when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or English. The terms Lapp and Finn, especially if used by people considered to be well informed, is considered derogatory. They are, however, still sometimes used by the non-Sami population of northern Sweden and Norway. To be noted is that Finns living in Finnish Lappland generally call themselves lappilainen, whereas the similar word for the Sami people is lappalainen.
It is unknown how the word Lapp came into the Norse language, but it seems to have been introduced by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus to distinguish between Fish-Fennians (coastal tribes) and Lap-Fennians (forest tribes). It was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of Johannes Schefferus "Acta Lapponica" (1673), but is also used earlier by Olaus Magnus in his '"Description of the Northern peoples" (1555). There is another suggestion that it originally meant wilds. In lack of meaning one may take the interpretation made by Damião de Góis in 1540, where he derives Lapland from "the dumb and lazy land", because it is lazy when no vegetables grow and therefore is dumb when it serves for no living.
[edit] History
The Sami peoples have inhabited the northern regions of Scandinavia for thousands of years. Exactly how long is difficult to state with certainty.
Archeological evidence suggests that people along the southern shores of Lake Onega and around Lake Ladoga reached the River Utsjoki in Northern Finnish Lapland before 8100 BC [1]. Other experts trace the Sami presence back to as recently as 2500 years ago. They are the oldest of the peoples represented in the Sami area, and are consequently considered the indigenous population of the area.
Historically, the Sami inhabited all of Northern Russia, Finland, and Eastern Karelia for a long time, though the Eastern Sami became assimilated into Finnish and Karelian populations after settlers from Häme, Savo, and Karelia migrated into the region. Placenames, e.g. Nuuksio on the south coast of Finland, remain as proof of former Sami settlement. However, Finnish and Scandinavian settlers drove them progressively more north. Finnish tribes even fought wars with one another and with Scandic tribes for the right to tax the Sami.[citation needed]
Lapponia (1673), written by the rhetorician Johannes Schefferus, is the oldest source of detailed information on Sami culture. It was written due to "ill-natured" foreign propaganda (in particular from Germany) claiming that Sweden had won victories on the battlefield by means of 'Sami magic'. In attempts to correct the picture of Sami culture amongst the Europeans, Magnus de la Gardie started an early 'ethnological' research project to document Sami groups, conducted by Schefferus. The book was published in late 1673 and quickly translated to French, German, English, and other languages (though not to Swedish until 1956). However, an adapted and abridged version was quickly published in the Netherlands and Germany, where chapters on their difficult living conditions, topography, and the environment had been replaced by made-up stories of magic, sorcery, drums and heathenry. But there was also criticism against the ethnography, claiming Sami to be more warlike in character, rather than the image Schefferus presented.
Up to around 1500 the Sami were mainly fishermen and trappers, usually in a combination, leading a nomadic lifestyle decided by the migrations of the reindeer. Around 1500, due to excessive hunting, again provoked by the fact that the Sami had to pay taxes to Norway, Sweden and Russia, the number of reindeer started to decrease. Most Sami then settled along the fjords, on the coast and along the inland waterways to pursue a combination of cattle raising, trapping and fishing. A small minority of the Sami then started to tame the reindeer, becoming the well-known reindeer nomads, who, although often portrayed by outsiders as following the archetypical Sami lifestyle, only represent around 10% of the Sami people.
The Sami crossed the borders freely until 1826, when the Norwegian/Finnish/Russian border was closed. Sami were still free to cross the border between Sweden and Norway according to inherited rights laid down in the Lapp Codicil of 1751 until 1940, when the border was closed due to Germany's occupation of Norway. After WWII, they were not allowed to return. Their summer pasturages are today used by Sami originating in Kautokeino.
For long periods of time, the Sami lifestyle reigned supreme in the north because of its unique adaptation to the Arctic environment, enabling Sami culture to resist cultural influences from the South. Indeed, throughout the 18th century, as Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Sami cultural element was strengthened, since the Sami were independent of supplies from Southern Norway.
However, in the 19th century Norwegian authorities put the Sami culture under pressure in order to make the Norwegian language and culture universal. A strong economical development of the north also took place, giving Norwegian culture and language status. On the Swedish and Finnish side, the authorities were much less militant in their efforts; however, strong economic development in the north led to a weakening of status and economy for the Sami.
The strongest pressure took place from around 1900 to 1940, when Norway invested considerable money and effort to wipe out Sami culture. Notably, anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in Finnmark, had to prove knowledge of the Norwegian language. This also ultimately caused the dislocation in the 1920s, that strengthed the gap between local Sami groups, something still present today, and sometimes bears the character of an internal Sami ethnic conflict. Another factor was the heavy war destruction in northern Finland and northern Norway in 1944-45, destroying all existing houses and visible traces of Sami culture. After World War II the pressure was relaxed somewhat.
The controversy around the construction of the hydro-electric power station in Alta in 1979 brought Sami rights onto the political agenda. In August of 1986, the national anthem (Sámi soga lávlla) and flag (Sami flag) of the Sami people was created. In 1989, the first Sami parliament in Norway was elected. In 2005, the Finnmark Law was passed in the Norwegian parliament. This law gives the Sami parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. These areas, 98% of the provincial area, that have always been used primarily by the Sami, now belong officially to the people of the province, Sami or Norwegian, and not the Norwegian state.
[edit] Genetic History
Sami genetic history has been of great interest because of their large genetic distance to other European populations including their closest neightbours. It is mainly the north Sami and east Sami that have been investigated. There is considerable genetic variation between the different Sami groups but they all share a common ancestry. Female mtDNA especially has been investigated, but also Y chromosomes and classical autosomal markers. The research indicates that 95.6% of Saami mtDNA originated in the Iberia refugia while only 4.4% is of Siberian-Asiatic origin (Tambets 2004). A genetic link has been established between the Sami and the Berbers of North Africa going back 9 000 years (Achilli 2005).
Sami Y chromosomes indicate that 29.8% originated in the Iberia refugia and 58.2% originated in Eastern Europe (Tambets 2004). The autosomal classic markers shows that the Sami have no close relatives in any population but are in general more closely related to Europeans than people of other continents. The closest of the distant relatives are Finnish people, but this is probably due to more recent immigration of Finnish people into the Sami areas, and the assimilation of the Sami population into the mainstream population in todays Finland (Meinila 2001).
The Sami are no more closely related to the Siberian and Mongol populations than other European populations, in contrast to the historically held view that the Sami are of Siberian-Asiatic origin. The genetic distances between the Sami and the rest of the world are due to founder effects and genetic drift resulting from their small and isolated population.
[edit] Organization
Sweden, Norway and Finland (but not Russia) all have a Sami Parliament. The Sami Parliaments are democratically elected parliaments and acts as governmental authorities. In each country, sami inhabitants have a vote, in addition to the regular elections in each country, to elect representatives to their Sami Parliament if:
- s/he considers himself/herself to be culturally or ethnically Sami, and
- s/he speaks a Sami language, or
- s/he had or has a parent, or grandparent, that speaks or spoke a Sami language
The main organisations for Sami representation in Sweden are the "siidas". They cover northern and middle Sweden.
[edit] Religion
[edit] Traditional Sami religion
Sami religion shared some elements with the Norse mythology, possibly from early contacts with trading Vikings. Through a mainly French initiative, from J.P. Gaimard, Lars Levi Læstadius began researching the Sami mythology. His work resulted in four bands or fragments, since by his own admission they contained only a small percentage of what had existed. The fragments were termed Theory of Gods, Theory of Sacrifice, Theory of Prophecy, or short reports about rumorous Sami magic and Sami sagas. Generally, he filtered out the Norse influence and derived common elements between the South, North, and Eastern Sami groups. The mythology has common elements with other Circumpolar religions as well -- such as those in Siberia and North America.
[edit] Missionary efforts
The term Sami religion usually refers to the pre-Christian religion, practiced until approximately the 18th century. Christianity was spread by Roman Catholic missionaries as early as the 13th century. Increased pressure came after the Lutheran reformation, and rune drums were burned or sent to museums abroad. In this period, many Sami practiced their traditional religion at home, while turning up in church on Sunday. Since the Sami were considered to possess witchcraft powers, they were often accused of sorcery during the 17th century.
In Norway, a major effort to convert the Sami was made around 1720, when the "Apostle of the Sami" - Thomas von Westen, burned drums and converted people by force.
[edit] Laestadius
The Swedish Sami vicar, Lars Levi Læstadius initiated a puritan, Lutheran movement among the Sami around 1840. This movement is still very dominant in Sami speaking areas. Sami on the Kola peninsula and in North-Eastern Finland, as well as a handful in Norway are members of the Russian Orthodox Church. The old religion is long gone, but elements of it have been revived by neo-paganist groups.
[edit] Language
There is no single Sami language, but a group of ten distinct Sami languages. Six of these languages have their own written standards. The Sami languages are relatively closely related, but not mutually intelligible; for instance, speakers of Southern Sami cannot understand Northern Sami. Especially earlier these distinct languages were referred to as "dialects", but today this is considered misleading due to the deep differences between the varieties. Most Sami languages are spoken in several countries, because linguistic borders do not correspond to national borders.
The Sami languages belong to the Uralic language family, and are thus related to Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. Due to prolonged contact with neighboring Scandinavians, however, there are a large number of Germanic loanwords in Sami. The majority of the Sami now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e. Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. Efforts are being made to further the use of Sami language among Sami and persons of Sami origin.
[edit] Music
A characteristic feature of Sami musical tradition is the singing of joik. Joiks are traditionally sung a cappella, usually sung slowly and deep in the throat with apparent emotional content of sorrow or anger. Joiks can be dedicated to animals and birds in nature, to special people or special occasions, and they can be joyous, sad or melancholic.
Christian missionaries and priests regarded these as "songs of the Devil". In recent years, musical instruments frequently accompany joiks. The Sami singer Mari Boine introduced joiks to the world audience when she blended it with rhythmic music such as jazz and rock on several award-winning albums in the '80s and '90s. This has been heavily sampled in recent times by the likes of hip-hop artists Xzibit and Vanilla Ice.
[edit] Cultural revival
To make up for past suppression, the authorities of Norway, Sweden and Finland now make an effort to build up Sami cultural institutions and promote Sami culture and language. All recognize February 6 as Sami National Day, which was first recognized in 1993.
- There are daily news bulletins in Sami on national TV in all three countries. Children's programs in Sami are also frequently made. There is also radio in Sami.
- Two weekly newspapers in Sami, Min Aigi and Aššu are published, along with a few magazines.
- There is a Sami theatre, Beivvaš, in Kautokeino on the Norwegian side, as well as in Kiruna on the Swedish side. Both tour the entire Sami area with drama written by Sami authors or international translations.
- A number of novels and poetry collections are published every year in Sami, occasionally also in other dialects than Northern Sami.
- Education with Sami as the first language is available in all three countries, also outside the Sami area.
- Sámi Allaskuvla, a Sami college, is located in Kautokeino. Sami language is studied in several universities in all countries, most notably the University of Tromsø, which considers Sami a mother tongue, not a foreign language.
- Numerous festivals throughout the Sami area celebrate different aspects of the Sami culture. The best known on the Norwegian side is Riddu Riđđu, a music festival in Olmmaivaggi/Manndalen. Among the most festive are the easter festivals taking place in Kautokeino and Karasjok prior to the springtime reindeer migration to the coast. These festivals combine traditional culture with modern phenomena such as snowmobile races.
[edit] See also
- Northern indigenous peoples of Russia
- The Germania by Tacitus
- Lars Levi Læstadius, scientist and preacher, who studied Sami culture
- Carl Lindhagen
- Inuit, indigenous Arctic peoples of North American
[edit] References
- ^ Uncovering the secrets of the Sámi, a February 2006 Helsingin Sanomat article
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
- National Minorities of Finland, The Sámi, from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland
- The Sami of Norway from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Norway
- The Sámi from the FAQ for news:soc.culture.nordic
- Sámi Radio from the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation
- Dablot prejjesne A traditional Sami boardgame.
- The Saami Culture, University of Texas
- Coexistence of Saami and Norse culture reflected in and interpreted by Old Norse myths, Mundal
- Ohthere's Voyage (890 AD) original text with English translation
- The Origin and Deeds of the Goths by Jordanes (551 AD)
- Germania by Tacitus (98 AD
- The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes, Tambets 2004
- Saami Mitochondrial DNA Reveals Deep Maternal Lineage Clusters, Delghandi 1998
- The Origin of the Baltic-Finns from the Physical Anthropological Point of View, Niskanen 2002
- Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link, Achilli 2005
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | Sami | Ancient peoples | Ethnic groups in Europe | Ethnic groups in Norway | Ethnic groups in Russia | Eurasian nomads | Indigenous peoples of Europe | Norwegian people by ethnicity | Scandinavia | Pastoralists | Cultures in the standard cross cultural sample
