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The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State to the citizens, and the duties of the citizens with respect to the State. These sections comprise a constitutional bill of rights, guidelines for government policy-making, and the behaviour and conduct of citizens. These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution, which was developed between 1947 and 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India. The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help to promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. Like the Directive Principles, they are not legally enforceable. (more...)

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From Wikipedia's newest articles:

...that there has been a long history of activism at Ohio Wesleyan University (protest pictured), endorsed by the inaugural address of its first president?
...that the obedience to orders and dogged resistance of the Russian infantry at the Battle of Golymin in 1806 greatly impressed Napoleon and his army?
...that the Polish town of Dzierżoniów was the venue of a meeting between Poland, Prussia, Holland and Austria during the Great Turkish War?
...that girdle books were popular fashion items between the 13th and 16th centuries?
...that Tussey Mountain in Pennsylvania has been designated as an Important Bird Area, as it is home to several raptor species during their spring migration?
...that one of only five extant Rafetus swinhoei soft-shelled turtles is thought by residents of Hanoi, Vietnam to be the magical Golden Turtle God named Kim Qui?

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UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan (pictured), in his final speech in office, encourages the United States to provide global leadership whilst respecting multilateralism.
Former Chilean president Augusto Pinochet (age 91) dies one week after suffering a heart attack.
Christer Fuglesang becomes the first Scandinavian astronaut in space as the Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on a mission to the International Space Station.
Marc Ravalomanana is re-elected as President of Madagascar.
Ethiopia begins to intervene in the Somali Civil War.
The Iraq Study Group releases its final report, describing the situation in the Iraq War as "grave and deteriorating" and making seventy-nine policy recommendations.

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On this day...

December 12: Independence Day in Kenya (1963).

1531 - The Apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe: Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin saw a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary outside of modern-day Mexico City.
1897 - Belo Horizonte, the first planned city of Brazil, was inaugurated.
1901 - Guglielmo Marconi (pictured) received the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, from Poldhu Wireless Station in Cornwall, England to Cabot Tower in St. John's, Newfoundland.
1915 - President Yuan Shikai of the Republic of China reinstated the monarchy and declared himself Emperor.
1964 - Jomo Kenyatta became the first President of the Republic of Kenya.

Recent days: December 11 – December 10 – December 9

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Today's featured picture

The Aisawan Thiphya-Art (Divine Seat of Personal Freedom), a pavilion found at Bang Pa In Royal Palace in Bang Pa In, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. The palace complex was formerly used by the Thai kings as a summer dwelling. Most of the present buildings were constructed between 1872 and 1889 by King Chulalongkorn.

Photo credit: Dan Smith
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