Saint Pantaleon

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For other uses, see Pantaleon.

Saint Pantaleon

Great Martyr and Healer
Born	c. 275 in Nicomedia
Died	303 in Nicomedia
Venerated in	Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism
Feast	27 and 28 July, and 18 February
Attributes	A compartmented medicine box, with a long-handled spatula or spoon; a martyr's cross.
Patronage	Physicians, midwives
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Saint Pantaleon (Παντελεήμων Panteleimon 'all-compassionate'), counted in the West among the late-medieval Fourteen Holy Helpers and in the East as one of the "Holy Unmercenary Healers", was a martyr of Nicomedia in Bithynia during the Diocletian persecution of 303 AD.

According to the martyrologies, Pantaleon was the son of a rich pagan, Eustorgius of Nicomedia, and had been instructed in Christianity by his Christian mother, Saint Eubula; however, after her death he fell away from the Christian church, while he studied medicine with a renowned physician Euphrosinos; under the patronage of Euphrosinos he became physician to the Emperor Maximian. He was won back to Christianity by a Christian, Saint Hermolaus (characterized as a bishop of the church at Nicomedia in the later literature), who convinced him that Christ was the better physician, signalling the significance of the exemplum of Pantaleon that faith is to be trusted over medical advice, marking the direction European medicine was to take until the 16th century.

By miraculously healing a blind man, Pantaleon converted his father, upon whose death he came into possession of a large fortune, but freed his slaves and, distributing his wealth among the poor, developed a great reputation in Nicomedia. Envious colleagues denounced him to the emperor during the Diocletian persecution. The emperor wished to save him and sought to persuade him to apostasy. Pantaleon, however, openly confessed his faith, and as proof that Christ is the true God, he healed a paralytic. Notwithstanding this, he was condemned to death by the emperor, who regarded the miracle as an exhibition of magic.

According to the later hagiography, Pantaleon's flesh was first burned with torches, whereupon Christ appeared to all in the form of Hermolaus to strengthen and heal Pantaleon. The torches were extinguished. Then a bath of molten lead was prepared; when the apparition of Christ stepped into the cauldron with him, the fire went out and the lead became cold. Pantaleon was now thrown into the sea, loaded with a great stone, which floated. He was thrown to wild beasts, but these fawned upon him and could not be forced away until he had blessed them. He was bound on the wheel, but the ropes snapped, and the wheel broke. An attempt was made to behead him, but the sword bent, and the executioners were converted to Christianity. Pantaleon implored heaven to forgive them, for which reason he also received the name of Panteleimon ("all-compassionate"). It was not until he himself desired it that it was possible to behead him.

Saint Panteleimon the Healer, by Nicholas Roerich, 1916

The vitae containing these miraculous features are all late in date, "valueless" according to the Catholic Encyclopedia. Yet the fact of his martyrdom itself seems to be supported by a veneration for which there is testimony in the 5th century, among others in a sermon on the martyrs by Theodoret (died ca 457) (Graecarum affectionum curatio, Sermo VIII, "De martyribus", published in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, LXXXIII 1033); Procopius of Caesarea (died ca 565?), writing on the churches and shrines constructed by Justinian I, De aedificiis Justiniani (I, ix; V, ix) tells that the emperor rebuilt the shrine to Pantaleon at Nicomedia, and there is mention of Pantaleon in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (Bollandists' Acta Sanctorum for November, II, 1, 97)

The Eastern tradition concerning Pantaleon follows more or less the medieval Western hagiography, but lacks any mention of a visible apparition of Christ. It states instead that Hermolaus was still alive while Pantaleon's torture was underway, but was martyred himself only shortly before Pantaleon's beheading along with two companions, Hermippas and Thermocrates.

Pantaleon's relics, venerated at Nicomedia, were transferred to Constantinople. A phial containing some of his blood was long preserved at Ravello. On the feast day of the saint, the blood was said to become fluid and to bubble (CE): compare Saint Januarius. Numerous churches, shrines, and monasteries have been named for him; in the West most often as St. Pantaleon and in the East as St. Panteleimon; to him is consecrated the St. Panteleimon Monastery at Mount Athos.

Church of St. Panteleimon, built in 1735-39, is one of the oldest in St. Petersburg.

After the Black Death of the mid-14th century in Western Europe, as a patron saint of physicians and midwives, he came to be regarded as one of the fourteen guardian martyrs, the Fourteen Holy Helpers. Relics of the saint are to be found at Saint Denis at Paris; his head is venerated at Lyon. A church was dedicated to him at Cologne.

In southern France there are six communes under the protective name of Saint-Pantaléon. Though there are individual churches consecrated to him elsewhere, there are no communes named for him in the north or northwest of France. The six are:

Saint-Pantaléon, in the Lot département, Midi-Pyrénées
Saint-Pantaléon, in the Vaucluse département, Provence - a wine-growing village
Saint-Pantaléon-de-Lapleau, in the Corrèze département, Limousin
Saint-Pantaléon-de-Larche, in the Corrèze département, at the border of Périgord and Quercy
Saint-Pantaléon-les-Vignes, in the Drôme département, Rhône-Alpes - a wine-growing village that is part of the Côtes du Rhône vinyard region
Saint-Pantaléon, in the Saône-et-Loire département, Bourgogne - administratively linked to Autun, bishopric see