Sønderborg Castle
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Sønderborg Castle is located in the town of Sønderborg, Denmark on the island of Als in South Jutland. It houses a museum focusing on the history and culture of the area. The castle is located in the middle of the town, in a park setting overlooking Als Fjord. The museum is open year round.
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[edit] History
Sønderborg Castle was probably founded as a fortified tower by Valdemar the Great in 1158, and was built on an islet in Als Strait (Als Sund), which was later connected to the island of Als. It was built to provide protection against attacks by the Wends, and was part of a larger system of fortifications. Over the centuries the castle has been enlarged and rebuilt gradually.
In the following years an important struggle developed between the Danish king and the Duke of Schleswig over ownership of the island of Als and the town of Sønderborg. Ownership of the castle changed sides many times.
A peak in the history of the castle was the wedding between the later Valdemar IV (Valdemar Atterdag) (ca. 1320-1375) and the duke's sister, Helvig.
Around 1350, the castle expanded significantly with the addition of both the Blue Tower (Blåtårn) and huge outer walls. In 1490, the fortress became the property of the Crown. Both King Hans and his son Christian II extended Sønderborg Castle and made it into one of the country's strongest fortresses.
In 1532 Christian II was lured into an ambush, and the dethroned king was held prisoner of state in the fortress for 17 years. Legend would have it that he was confined to the Blue Tower, but in reality he lived with princely conditions, and was probably allowed freedom of movement within the outer walls, although sometimes under closely guarded conditions. The deposed king even sometimes joined the noble hunts at Als. The story about the restless king walking around a round table making a groove in it with his thumb is false, and was fabricated during the 15th century.
Christian III in the mid-16th century had the fortress modified and converted into a four-wing castle by architect Hercules von Oberberg. This took place between 1549-57. King Hans' west wing was preserved and a further three wings were added in the new Renaissance style.
After Christian III's death in 1559, Hercules von Oberberg built the unique castle chapel in 1568-70 for Queen Mother Dorothea.
After Dorothea's death in 1571 the castle passed into the ownership of Hans II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plon (also known as Hans the Younger). During his rule, the castle became center for a mini duchy. This was, however, split after his death in 1622.
The castle remained in the hands of the Dukes of Southern Jutland until 1667, when the ruined duchy Sønderborg was attached to the Danish throne and the castle became a Danish estate. The duchy’s representative, the prefect (‘’Amtmanden’’), took up residence at the castle. It was otherwise more or less unused in the years 1667-1718.
In 1718-26 Frederik IV had the castle rebuilt in Baroque style by contractor general Wilhelm von Platen. In 1755, the Blue Tower was demolished, and in 1764 the castle passed into the hands of the Duke of Augustenborg, but against expectations it did not became residence. Instead it was rented out as a warehouse.
During both the first and second Slesvig wars (1848-50, 1864). Sønderborg Castle was used as a camp hospital and for quartering Danish troops.
After the war of 1864, the province and the castle became Prussian property and served as barracks from 1867-1918, until the area was reunified with Denmark in 1920. The last Duke of Augustenborg, Ernst Günther, allowed Sønderborg County Museum to move into a part of the castle in 1920. The next year the Danish state bought the castle from the Duke, taking over the castle in 1921 and allowing several institutions to use it as long as they paid heed to the expanding museum.
Between 1945-46 the castle was used as an internment camp for persons charged for injuries to the State.
The Royal Inspectors of Listed State Buildings, Peter Koch and Jørgen Stærmose, conducted a thorough restoration of the castle from 1964-73 returning it to the Baroque form it was given by Frederik IV in the 1720s. The windows from the barracks era were even replaced with "masks" - windows with broad wooden frames made of planks like the ones in Platen's castle.
[edit] The museum and grounds
Since 1921 Sønderborg Castle has been the home for The Sønderborg Castle Museum (Museet på Sønderborg Slot), which is the main museum for the former Duchy of Slesvig. The museum houses local and regional history collections from the Middle Ages to the present day, but with especial focus on the Schleswig wars of 1848-50 and 1864, World War II, and the Reunification of 1920.
The museum also hosts exhibitions on navigation, textiles and handicrafts, and has a small art collection with works by prominent Southern Jutland painters over the years.
The original ramparts around the castle became a visible part of the gardens in the 1970s.
[edit] The Chapel of Sønderborg Castle
The unique chapel of Sønderborg Castle, also known as Queen Dorothea's Chapel, was built 1568-70 by Hercules von Oberberg for Queen Mother Dorothea reflects the changing times in Denmark after the Reformation. It is almost untouched, and is considered to be one of Europe's oldest and best-preserved Lutheran royal chapels.
Many of the items in the chapel were created in Antwerp at painter Frans Floris’ workshop. One of the royal couple’s sons, Duke Hans II, had a burial room built in the chapel with an imposing portal of marble and alabaster.
The chapel’s organ is attributed to organ builder Hermann Raphaëlis, and it is estimated to have been built ca. 1570. The paintwork on the organ case dates mainly from 1626. Hermann Raphaëlis (ca. 1515-July 8, 1583) was of Dutch descent and was the son of organ builder Gabriel Raphael Rottensteen. Raphaëlis was summoned to Denmark ca. 1550, supposedly to build an organ for Roskilde Cathedral. Apart from the instrument at Roskilde Cathedral, built in 1555, he also built an organ for the Chapel of Copenhagen Castle in 1557. Raphaëlis later settled in Saxony, where he among other things built organs in the chapels of castles belonging to Elector August of Saxony, the Queen Dorothea’s son-in-law.
The organ was reconstructed in 1996 by Danish organ builder and historian, Mads Kjersgaard, according to 16th century traditions with regard to tone and craftsmanship. The museum has a permanent exhibition of preserved parts from the Renaissance organ, including a rat's nest taken from one of the organ’s bellows.
Under the west gallery of the chapel there is a choir loft over which there was originally a royal chair; this disappeared when the organ was built in its present position in 1626. The chairs were made by local wood carver, Niels Tagsen, who also fashioned the pulpit and the 3 figures which were placed on the organ in 1626. The organ case and doors were partly repainted by Wulf Petersen of Sønderborg on the same occasion.
The chapel may be visited during the opening hours of the museum.
[edit] The Great Hall
The Great Hall (‘’Riddersal’’) is 34 meters long and was the reception room for ducal guests, and the scene of parties and dances. The room is still used for special events, such as in connection with the marriage of Prinsesse Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg to Jefferson-Friedrich Count of Pfeil and Klein-Elguth in 1998.
[edit] Management
Sønderborg Castle is owned by the Danish state, run by the Palaces and Properties Agency (Slots- og Ejendomsstyrelsen) and used by Sønderborg Castle Museum, which is jointly owned by the municipality of Sønderborg and by South Jutland County.
