Rusyn language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rusyn
русин rusin
Spoken in: Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukraine), eastern Slovakia, southern Poland, Hungary, northern Romania, Vojvodina
Total speakers: 610,120 [1]
Language family: Indo-European
 Slavic
  East Slavic
   Rusyn 
Official status
Official language of: Vojvodina (Serbia)
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: sla
ISO/FDIS 639-3: rue

Rusyn is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian) close to Ukrainian that is spoken by the Rusyns. There is controversy among linguists concerning whether Rusyn is a separate East Slavic language or a dialect of Ukrainian [2].

It is spoken in the Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine, in eastern Slovakia, southern Poland (where it is often called łemkowski 'Lemko', from their characteristic word lem/лєм 'only'), and Hungary. The Pannonian Rusyn language in Serbia is sometimes considered part of the Rusyn language, although some linguists consider that language to be West Slavic. In Ukraine, Rusyn is often considered a dialect of Ukrainian, as it is very close to the Hutsul dialect of Ukrainian, but speakers sometimes prefer to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians.

Attempts to standardize the language suffer from its being divided between four countries, so that in each of these countries there has been devised a separate orthography (in each case with Cyrillic letters) and grammatical standard, based on different Rusyn dialects. The cultural centres of Carpatho-Rusyn are Prešov in Slovakia, Uzhhorod and Mukacheve in Ukraine, Krynica and Legnica in Poland, and Budapest in Hungary. Many very active Rusyns also live in Canada and the USA.

It is very difficult to count the speakers of Rusyn, but their number is sometimes estimated at almost a million, most of them in Ukraine and Slovakia. The first country to officially recognize Rusyn, more exactly Pannonian Rusyn, as an official language was former Yugoslavia. In 1995, Rusyn was recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of official language in municipalities where more than 20% of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.

In the introduction to the book "Slavic languages," written in 1973, ten years before glasnost, Samuel Bernshtein writes about "western Ukrainians" and the "literary language" which they "until recently [i.e., 1973]" had.

Contents

[edit] Alphabet

[edit] Lemko Rusyn Cyrillic alphabet

Grapheme IPA Notes
А /a/
Б /b/
В /v/
Г /ɦ/
Ґ /g/
Д /d/
Е /e/
Є /je/
Ё /ʏ/ not present in Vojvodinian
Ж /ʒ/
З /z/
И /ɪ/
І /i/ not present in Vojvodinian
Ы /ɨ/ not present in Vojvodinian
Ї /ji/
Й /j/
К /k/
Л /l/
М /m/
Н /n/
О /o/
П /p/
Р /r/
С /s/
Т /t/
У /u/
Ф /f/
Х /x/
Ц /ts/
Ч /ʧ/
Ш /ʃ/
Щ /ʃʧ/
Ѣ /ji/,/i/ Used before WWII
Ю /ju/
Я /ja/
Ь /ʲ/ marks preceding consonant's palatalization
Ъ not present in Vojvodinian

[edit] See also

[edit] Literature

  • A new Slavic language is born. The Rusyn literary language in Slovakia. Ed. Paul Robert Magocsi. New York 1996.
  • Magocsi, Paul Robert. Let's speak Rusyn. Бісідуйме по-руськы. Englewood 1976.
  • Дуличенко, Александр Дмитриевич. Jugoslavo-Ruthenica. Роботи з рускей филолоґиї. Нови Сад 1995.

[edit] References


[edit] External links

Slavic languages
East Slavic Belarusian | Old East Slavic † | Old Novgorod dialect † | Russian | Rusyn (Carpathians) | Ruthenian † | Ukrainian
West Slavic Czech | Kashubian | Knaanic † | Lower Sorbian | Pannonian Rusyn | Polabian † | Polish | Pomeranian † | Slovak | Slovincian † | Upper Sorbian
South Slavic Banat Bulgarian | Bulgarian | Church Slavic | Macedonian | Old Church Slavonic † | Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Bunjevac, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian) | Slavic (Greece) | Slovenian
Other Proto-Slavic † | Russenorsk † | Slavoserbian † | Slovio
Extinct