Russia and weapons of mass destruction
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Russia possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction in the world. Russia declared an arsenal of 40,000 tons of chemical weapons in 1997 and is said to have around 16,000 nuclear weapons stockpiled in 2005 with perhaps only 7,200 of them operational, and around 8,800 inactive, making its stockpile largest in the world. The Soviet Union ratified the Geneva Protocol on January 22, 1975 with reservations. The reservations were later dropped on January 18, 2001.
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[edit] Nuclear weapons
As of 2005, Russia is estimated to have around 7,200 active nuclear warheads in its arsenal, and around 8,800 inactive or on "inactive reserve," for a total nuclear arsenal of around 16,000 warheads.[1] Russia is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" (NWS) under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which Russia ratified (as the Soviet Union) in 1968.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of Soviet-era nuclear warheads remained on the territories of Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Under the terms of the Lisbon Protocol to the NPT, and following the 1995 Trilateral Agreement between Russia, Belarus, and the USA, these were transferred to Russia, leaving Russia as the sole inheritor of the Soviet nuclear arsenal. It is estimated that the USSR had approximately 35,000 nuclear weapons stockpiled at the time of its collapse.
In 2002, the United States and Russia agreed to reduce their stockpiles to not more than 2200 warheads each in the SORT treaty. In 2003, the US rejected Russian proposals to further reduce both nation's nuclear stockpiles to 1500 each.
Russia's nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas:
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- 1 - Land based immobile (silos), like SS-18 Satan.
- 2 - Land-based mobile, like SS-27 Topol M.
- 3 - Submarine based, like SS-30 Bulava.
- 4 - Air-based warheads of Russia's Air Forces bombers.
[edit] Biological weapons
Russia signed the Biological Weapons Convention on April 10, 1972 and ratified the treaty on March 26, 1975.
According to Ken Alibek, who was deputy-director of Biopreparat, the Soviet biological weapons agency, and who defected to the USA in 1992, weapons were developed in labs in isolated areas of the Soviet Union including mobilization facilities at Omutininsk, Penza and Pokrov and research facilities at Moscow, Stirzhi and Vladimir. These weapons were tested at several facilities most often at "Rebirth Island" (Vozrozhdeniya) in the Aral Sea by firing the weapons into the air above monkeys tied to posts, the monkeys would then be monitored to determine the effects.[citation needed]
There were accidents including one at Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg) where supposedly there was an accidental anthrax release when filters were not properly installed and people across the street in a factory fell ill and died. This is still officially considered by the Russian government as an infection from rotting meat that was sold on the black market.[citation needed]
[edit] Chemical weapons
Russia signed the Chemical Weapons Convention on January 13, 1993 and ratified it on November 5, 1997. Russia declared an arsenal of 40,000 tons of chemical weapons in 1997.
Russia met its treaty obligations by destroying 1% of its chemical agents by the Chemical Weapons Convention's 2002 deadline [2] but requested technical and financial assistance and extensions on the deadlines of 2004 and 2007.
[edit] External links
- Abolishing Weapons of Mass Destruction: Addressing Cold War and Other Wartime Legacies in the Twenty-First Century By Mikhail S. Gorbachev
- Nuclear Threat Initiative on Russia
- UK statement on the chemical weapons convention
- 1999 Nuclear stockpile estimate
- Nuclear Notebook: Russian nuclear forces, 2006, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March/April 2006.
- Nuclear Files.org Current information on nuclear stockpiles in Russia
