Rulers of Transylvania
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of rulers of Transylvania, from the first mention of a ruler in the tenth century, until 1867.
[edit] Notes
Between the 11th and 16th century, Transylvania was a largely autonomous Voivodate inside the Kingdom of Hungary. This situation lasted until 1541, when Ottomans conquered central Hungary. Transylvania became a de facto independent Principality under the Ottomans suzerainty in 1571. After its inclusion into the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Emperors continued to use the title of “Prince of Transylvania” as part of their official title, but the territory had an appointed governor. In 1765 Transylvania was elevated to Grand Principality.
| Years | Ruler | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gelou | ? – 904 | "Gelou Dux Ultrasilvanus" | |
| Tuhutum | 904 - ? | ||
| Geula the Young | ? – 1003 | Claimed total independence. Defeated by Stephen I of Hungary | |
| 11-12th centuries - Transylvania gradually fells under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary, as an integrating Voivodate | |||
| Mercurius | 1103, 1111-1113 | "Mercurius princeps Ultrasilvanus" | |
| Leustachius | cca. 1164 | "Leustachius Voyvoda" | |
| Legforurus | 1199-1200 | ||
| Gyula Kán | 1201 - 1202 | ||
| Benedict | 1202 - 1206 | ||
| Smaragdus | 1206 | ||
| Benedict | 1208 - 1209 | ||
| Michael | 1209 - 1212 | ||
| Berthold of Andechs-Meran | 1212 - 1213 | Archbishop of Kalocsa | |
| Nicholas | 1213 | ||
| Gyula Kán | 1213 - 1214 | ||
| Simon | 1215 | ||
| Hippolit | 1216 - 1217 | ||
| Rafael | 1217 - 1218 | ||
| Neuka | 1219 - 1221 | ||
| Paul | 1221 - 1222 | ||
| Michaeli | 1222 | ||
| Pousa Csák | 1226 - 1229 | ||
| Gyula Rátót | 1230 - 1233 | ||
| Dionysius Tomaj | 1233 - 1234 | ||
| Serafin | 1235 | ||
| Pousa Csák | 1235 - 1241 | ||
| Laurentius Aba | 1242 - 1252 | ||
| Ernye Akos | 1258 - 1261 | Ban of Transylvania | |
| Ladislau I Kan | 1261 - 1265 | ||
| Nicholas Gutkeled | 1265 - 1270 | ||
| Matthew Csák | 1270 - 1272 | ||
| Nicholas Geregye | 1272 - 1274 | ||
| John Koszegi | 1273 | ||
| Egidius Monoszlo | 1274 | ||
| Matthew Csák | 1274 - 1275 | ||
| Ugrin Csák | 1275 | ||
| Ladislau I Kan | 1275 - 1276 | ||
| Ugrin Csák | 1276 | ||
| Matthew Csák | 1276 - 1277 | ||
| Nicholas Meggyesi | 1277 | ||
| Finta Aba | 1278 - 1280 | ||
| Stephen of Mera | 1280 | ||
| Peter | 1280 | "Peter, son of Dominic" | |
| Roland Borsa | 1282 | "Princeps regnum Transilvanum" | |
| Apor Péc | 1283 | ||
| Roland Borsa | 1284 - 1285 | ||
| Moise Akos | 1287 - 1288 | ||
| Roland Borsa | 1288 - 1294 | ||
| Ladislau II Kan | 1294 - 1315 | ||
| Ladislau III Kan | 1315 | Unconfirmed by the King | |
| Nicholas Meggyesi | 1315 - 1316 | ||
| Dozsa Debreceni | 1318 - 1321 | ||
| Thomas Szecsenyi | 1321 - 1342 | ||
| Nicholas of Siroka | 1342-1344 | ||
| Stephen Lackfi | 1344-1350 | ||
| Thomas Csor | 1351 | ||
| Nicholas Kont | 1351-1356 | ||
| Andrew Lackfi | 1356-1359 | ||
| Dionysius Lackfi | 1359-1367 | ||
| 1366 - The Decree of Turda: nobility was conditioned by belonging to the Roman Catholic Church | |||
| Nicholas Lackfi | 1367-1368 | ||
| Emeric Lackfi | 1369-1372 | ||
| Stephen Lackfi | 1373-1376 | Brother of Emerich | |
| Ladislau of Losoncz | 1376-1391 | ||
| Emeric Bebek Bubek | 1392-1393 | ||
| Frank of Szècsèny | 1392-1393 | ||
| Stibor of Stiboricz | 1395-1401 | First rule | |
| Nicholas Csaki and Nicholas Marczali |
1401-1403 | ||
| John Tamasi and Jacob Lackfi |
1403-1409 | ||
| Stibor of Stiboriez | 1410-1414 | Second rule | |
| vacancy | July – October 1416 | ||
| Nicholas Csaki | 1415-1426 | Second rule | |
| Ladislau Csaki | 1426-1435 | Son of Nicholas | |
| Ladislau Csaki and Peter Cseh |
1436-1437 | ||
| Peter Cseh | 1437-1438 | Second rule | |
| Desiderius of Losoncz | 1438-1440 | ||
| Ladislau Jakcs | January 1441 | ||
| John Hunyadi | 1441-1446 | Also Governor (1446-1453) and Captain General of the Kingdom of Hungary (1453-1456) | |
| Emeric Bebek and Nicholas of Ujlak |
1446-1447 | ||
| Emeric Bebek II and John Hunyadi |
May - October 1448 | ||
| Nicholas of Ujlak and John of Rozgony |
1449-1458 | ||
| Sebastian and John of Rozgony |
1458-1460 | ||
| Sebastian of Rozgony and Nicholas of Ujlak |
1460 | ||
| Sebastian of Rozgony and Ladislau of Kanizsa |
1460 | ||
| Sebastian of Rozgony | 1461 | ||
| Nicholas of Ujlak and John Pongracz |
1462-1465 | ||
| Sigismund and John of Sancto Giorgia |
1465-1467 | ||
| John Pongracz and Nicholas Csupor |
1468-1472 | ||
| Blasius Magyar | 1472-1475 | ||
| John Pongracz | 1475-1476 | ||
| Petru Gereb | 1478-1479 | Petru Gereb of Vingrad | |
| Stephen Batory I | 1479-1493 | ||
| Ladislau of Losoncz II and Bartolomeu Dragfi |
1493-1495 | ||
| Bartolomeu Dragfi | 1495-1499 | ||
| Petru of Bozin | 1499-1510 | ||
| John Zápolya | 1510 – 1534 | After 1525, was King of Hungary (1526-1540) | |
| 1526 - The Battle of Mohács: Transylvania becomes a semi-independent Principality under Ottoman and later Habsburg suzerainty. | |||
| Stephen Mailat | 1534 – 1539 | ||
| Stephen Mailat and Emerich Balassa | 1539 – 1540 | ||
| Isabella Jagiełło | 1540–1559 | Wife of John Zapolya. The de facto ruler was George Martinuzzi | |
| John II Sigismund Zápolya | 1570-1571 | Son of John Zapolya. Previously King of Hungary (1540-1570). | |
| Gasnar Bekesy | 1571-1572 | ||
| Stephen Báthory | 1572–1575 | Also King of Poland. | |
| Christopher Báthory | 1575-1581 | Brother of precedent. | |
| Sigismund Báthory | 1581–1597, August 1598–March 1599, 1599–1602 |
Son of precedent. Abdicated three times: in favor of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II (1597 1602), and of his cousin Cardinal Andrew Báthory (1599). | |
| Andrew Cardinal Báthory | 1599 | ||
| Michael of Wallachia | 1599–1601 | Also Voivode of Wallachia (1593 – 1601) and of Moldavia (1600). | |
| Mózes Székely | 1602 - 1603 | ||
| Austrian Occupation | 1602 - 1605 | ||
| István Bocskay | 1604–1606 | Governor1604 and Prince 1605 of Transylvania | |
| Sigismund Rákóczi | 1607–1608 | ||
| Gabriel Báthory | 1608–1613 | Nephew of Andrew Cardinal Báthory | |
| Gabriel Bethlen | 1613–1629 | ||
| Catherine of Brandenburg | 1629–1630 | ||
| George I Rákóczi | 1630–1648 | ||
| George II Rákóczi | 1648–1660 | With intermissions. | |
| George II Rákóczi | 1648–1657 | With intermissions. | |
| Francis Rhédey | 1657–1658 | ||
| Achacius Barcsay | 1658–1660 | ||
| John Kemény | 1661–1662 | ||
| Michael I Apafi | 1661–1690 | ||
| Michael II Apafi | 1690–1799 | ||
| Emeric Thököly | 1682 – 1699 | Rebelled against Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I | |
| Francis II Rákóczi | ? | Claimed the titles Prince of Transylvania and Ruling Prince of Hungary | |
| 1711 - Transylvania becomes part of the Austrian Empire, being declared Principality of Transylvania. The Emperors take the title of “Prince of Transylvania”, while Austrian governors administered the land. | Governors of the Principality of Transylvania: | ||||
| Leopold I | 1691–1705 | Prince of Transylvania | George Bánffy 1691-1708 | ||
| Charles VI | 1711–1740 | Prince of Transylvania | Stephen Haller 1709-1710 Stephen Wesselényi 1710-1713 Sigismund Kornis 1713-1731 Stephen Wesselény 1731-1732 Francisc Anton Wallis 1732-1734 John Haller 1734-1755 |
||
| Maria Theresia | 1740–1765 | Princess of Transylvania. After 1765 Great Princess of Transylvania. |
Francisc Venceslav Wallis 1755-1758 Ladislau Kemény 1758-1762 Adolf Buccow 1762-1764 Andrew Hadik 1764-1765 |
||
| 1765 - Transylvania is declared as Grand Principality of Transylvania. The Emperors take the title of “Grand Prince of Transylvania” | Governors of the Grand Principality of Transylvania: | ||||
| Maria Theresia | 1765–1780 | Great Princess of Transylvania | Andrew Hadik 1765-1767 Carol O'Donell 1767-1770 Maria - Iosif Auersperg 1771-1774 Samuel von Brukenthal 1774-1775, 1776-1787 |
||
| Joseph II | 1780–1790 | Great Prince of Transylvania | George Bánffy II 1787-1822 | ||
| Leopold II | 1790–1792 | Great Prince of Transylvania | |||
| Francis II | 1792–1835 | Great Prince of Transylvania | John Jósika 1822-1834 Ferdinand d'Este 1835-1837 |
||
| Ferdinand I | 1835–1848 | Great Prince of Transylvania | John Kornis 1838-1840 Joseph Teleki 1842-1848 |
||
| Franz Joseph I | 1848–1916 | Great Prince of Transylvania | Ludwig Wohlgemuth 1849-1851 Karl B. Schwarzenbeger 1851-1858 Friederich von Lichtenstein 1858-1861 Emeric Mikó 1860-1861 Ludwig Fohot of Crenneville 1861-1867 |
||
| Karl I | 1916–1918 | Great Prince of Transylvania | |||
| 1867 – the Principality of Transylvania is dissolved | |||||
In 1867, the Great Principality of Transylvania is dissolved, and its territory is incorporated into Transleithania part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, following the Ausgleich, though the rulers continuously used the title. Transylvanias territory was part of the Kingdom of Romania between 1918 and 1940, divided between Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania between 1940 and 1945, and is a part of Romania since then.
