RP (complexity)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In complexity theory, RP ("randomized polynomial time") is the complexity class of problems for which a probabilistic Turing machine exists with these properties:
| RP algorithm (1 run) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Answer produced | ||
| Correct answer |
YES | NO |
| YES | ≥½ | ≤½ |
| NO | 0 | 1 |
| RP algorithm (n runs) | ||
| Answer produced | ||
| Correct answer |
YES | NO |
| YES | ≥1-½n | ≤½n |
| NO | 0 | 1 |
| Co-RP algorithm (1 run) | ||
| Answer produced | ||
| Correct answer |
YES | NO |
| YES | 1 | 0 |
| NO | ≤½ | ≥½ |
- It always runs in polynomial time in the input size
- If the correct answer is NO, it always returns NO
- If the correct answer is YES, then it returns YES with probability at least ½ (otherwise, it returns NO)
In other words, the algorithm is allowed to flip a truly-random coin while it's running. The only case in which the algorithm can return YES is if the actual answer is YES; therefore if the algorithm terminates and produces YES, then the correct answer is definitely YES; however, the algorithm can terminate with NO regardless of the actual answer. That is, if the algorithm returns NO, it might be wrong.
Some authors call this class R, although this name is more commonly used for the class of recursive languages.
If the correct answer is YES and the algorithm is run n times with the result of each run statistically independent of the others, then it will return YES at least once with probability at least 1 - ½n. So if the algorithm is run 100 times, then the chance of it giving the wrong answer every time is lower than the chance that cosmic rays corrupted the memory of the computer running the algorithm. In this sense, if a source of random numbers is available, most algorithms in RP are highly practical.
The fraction ½ in the definition is arbitrary. The set RP will contain exactly the same problems, even if the ½ is replaced by any constant nonzero probability less than 1; here constant means independent of the input to the algorithm.
[edit] Related complexity classes
The definition of RP says YES is always right and NO is usually right. The complexity class Co-RP is similarly defined, except that NO is always right and YES is usually right. In other words, it accepts all YES instances but can either accept or reject NO instances. The class BPP describes algorithms that can give incorrect answers on both YES and NO instances. The intersection of the sets RP and Co-RP is called ZPP. Just as RP may be called R, some authors use the name Co-R rather than Co-RP.
[edit] Connection to P and NP
P is a subset of RP, which is a subset of NP. Similarly, P is a subset of Co-RP which is a subset of Co-NP. It is not known whether any of these subsets are strict. However, it is believed that either P ≠ RP or RP ≠ NP, since otherwise P = NP, which is widely believed to be false. It is also not known whether RP = Co-RP, or whether RP is a subset of the intersection of NP and Co-NP.
A natural example of a problem in Co-RP currently not known to be in P is the problem of deciding whether a given multivariate arithmetic expression over the integers is the zero-polynomial. For instance, "x*x - y*y - (x+y)*(x-y)" is the zero-polynomial while "x*x + y*y" is not.
An alternative characterization of RP that is sometimes easier to use is the set of problems recognizable by nondeterministic Turing machines where the machine accepts if and only if at least some constant fraction of the computation paths, independent of the input size, accept. NP on the other hand, needs only one accepting path, which could constitute an exponentially small fraction of the paths. This characterization makes the fact that RP is a subset of NP obvious.
See also: randomized algorithm
| Important complexity classes (more) |
|---|
| P • NP • co-NP • NP-C • co-NP-C • NP-hard • UP • #P • #P-C • L • NL • NC • P-C • PSPACE • PSPACE-C • EXPTIME • EXPSPACE • PR • RE • Co-RE • RE-C • Co-RE-C • R • BQP • BPP • RP • ZPP • PCP • IP • PH |
