Royal Munster Fusiliers (New Army)
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The Royal Munster Fusiliers had been a relatively small peacetime regiment of the British Army at the outbreak of War in August 1914. The need for considerable expansion of the British Army resulted in the formation of the First New Army under Lord Kitchener, with a planned period of service of at least three years. The target was 70 divisions in all, the New Army to have thirty divisions separate from the Regular Army. On the 7. August a general United Kingdom-wide call for 100,000 volunteers aged 19-30 was issued. The new battalions were to be raised as additional Service battalions, which led to the formation of the 6th and 7th (Service) battalions of the Royal Munster Fusiliers as part of the 10th (Irish) Division of Kitchener’s New Army, and the first Irish Division ever to take the field in war.
And the famous Bengal Tiger, ever ready for a scrap,
And all his big battalions, Prussion Guards and grenadiers,
Fear to face the flashing bayonets of the Munster Fusiliers.
The 8th and 9th RMF battalions of the 16th (Irish) Division followed as part of the Second New Army and was under the command of Brigadier General William Hickie . Heavy losses caused the new battalions to be disbanded and absorbed in turn, the last on 2. June 1918 when the 8RMF was amalgamated with the 1st. (Regular) RMF battalion.
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[edit] 6th, 7th (Service) Battalions
[edit] Curragh
Both battalions were formed at Tralee Depot, co.Kerry in August 1914 and moved to the Curragh as the 30th Brigade of their division for initial training and receiving recruits from the recruiting districts. An early problem was to find 29 sufficiently experienced officers for each battalion. By the time they transferred to Basingstoke England in May they had a variety of regular, retired and reserve officers designated from other battalions, the majority Irish. Many Irish recruits enlisted in England, both battalions also receiving surplus recruits from other British regiments, such as the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers to the 6th, Ulster recruits then numbering Munster recruits, the 6th maintaining the strongest Irish character of the two battalions.
[edit] Dardanellesi
After very hard training both battalions embarked on 9 July from Liverpool, disembarking on 19. at Mudros on the Aegean island of Lemnos , Greece , where diseases reduced battalion strength from 1000 to 800 before the planned landing at Sulva Bay on the Gallipoli peninsula, the intention being to land north of the Turkish forces cutting them off, opening the way to Constantinople. The 1RMF had been engaged in fighting with varying intensity since its landing of April. The 10th (Irish) Division landed at Sulsa Bay on the 7. August weakened by a number of its battalions being landed at the wrong beaches. It was left with only 5 battalions, including the two RMFs, out of 13. Their objective was to capture the Kiretch Tepe Sirk ridge along the North side of the bay. The 6th landed first with 25 officers and 749 men, then the 7th with 28 officers and 750 men.
[edit] Gallipoli
They were in action for the first time in what was known as the Battle of Sari Bair Ridge, held up by concealed trenches, lack of water, heat and exhaustion, losing over 80 killed by dusk when they withdrew. Although outnumbering the Turks, a further day was lost due to lack of leadership at Corps level, during which the Turks reinforced their position. When the attack resumed on the 9th it came to a halt at the bottom of the ridge. A naval bombardment failed its objectives. When the scrub caught fire they withdrew and entrenched, the nights bitter cold, retiring to the beaches where 350 reinforcements arrived. On the 15 August the 10th Division made its final trust taking the north slope of the ridge costing the 6RMF 43 killed, the 7th supporting with a loss of 23 killed. The 6th had to hold positions overnight under heavy bombardment, withdrawing on the 16. August.
The ridge had been nearly captured, but by the 19. both battalions were down to half their strength since landing on 7. August. On the last British offensive of 21. August in thr Battle of Scimitar Hill the battalions played a supportive role after which static trench warfare ensued to the end of September. Casualties from sickness now exceeded those from enemy action. The 10th Division was withdrawn and embarked for Mudras on the 30., the 7RMF with 6 officers and 305 men, the 6RMF under 450.
[edit] Serbia
With the Bulgarian invasion of Serbia, Greece and Serbia requested Allied help, In response the 10th (Irish) Division was shipped to Salonika in Greek Macedonia. The division received extensive training reinforcements from non-regimental sources changing the character of the two battalions. Still in summer uniforms the severe snow and frost at high level caused many casualties. The Bulgarian forces had made strong progress threatening the Anglo-French force, the 7RMF in a front line position. at Kosturino holding the rearguard as the 10th Division was ordered to retreat at the end of December, which included Connaught Rangers and Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Having failed to prevent the fall of Serbia, the Allied forces remained at Salonika, the two RMF building up to strength during early 1916.
[edit] Greece
The Bulgarians with German support now crossed the Greek frontier on 26. May. The 10th Division was first sent into action in August along the Stuma valley, coming into action against the Bulgarians in September 30 Stuma offensive, crossing the river and taking the village of Yenonika reoccupying after a Bulgarian counter attack., but at the cost of 500 men. Both battalions crossed back on 15. October for a rest period. They were now well below strength due to malaria in summer and lack of recruits, which resulted in their amalgamation on 3. November as the 6RMF returning to Yenonika withstanding further Bulgarian attacks in March. In late summer the division was withdrawn to be deployed to stem the Turks in Palestine.
[edit] Palestine
They embarked from Salonika on the 9. September 1917, arriving via Egypt in Ismalia on 12. September, October spent training after redress, entering the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. During the Battle of Gaza from the 27. October the 6RMF were not greatly involved to their disappointment, the Turks withdrawing by the 7. November. Following a refit the 10th Division returned to the line 25. November, the 6RMF encountering considerable sniper fire on the way to the capture of Jerusalem, which was entered unopposed on 9. December. With relatively low losses the 6RMF had taken what was asked of it. After so many defeats since Gallipoli, they were at last tasting victory. Into 1918 was spent on reconstruction work, when fighting flared up again in March requiring an advance towards Nablis. This enemy engagement was to be the last action in Palestine.
[edit] France
Heavy losses were being encountered on the Western Front after the great German March offensive, resulting in the transfer of 60,000 men from Palestine to France, their place taken by Indian battalions. Ten battalions of the 10th (Irish) Division were included, the 6RMF one of them. 35 officers and 812 other ranks embarked at Alexandria arriving Marseilles on 2. June. It was entrained for the journey northward, reaching Arques on 6. June, marching from there to the camp of the remaining 2RMF which had suffered heavily in March and was at cadre level. The 2RMF was now reconstructed with the personnel of the 6RMF,.
The 6RMF was now self at cadre strength, and were assigned to instruct an American infantry brigade. After completion of this task in March they joined the 2RMF in Dieppe which was in reality the rebuilt 6RMF. These had been a closely knit unit with relatively low losses since Gallipoli but were soon to suffer heavily in fierce combat during the Hundred Days Offensive in the final weeks before the Armistice.
[edit] 8th, 9th (Service) Battalions
An army order of 11. September authorised the formation of further divisions to be called Kitchener's Second New Army , which included the 8th and 9th Munsters as part of the 16th (Irish) Division’s thirteen battalions. The officers were all former regulars, few were Irish and those were of Unionist background. This caused much controversy as the 16th (Irish) Division in contrast to the 10th, was to be solely for Irish recruits enlisting in Ireland . Other rebuffs were the rejection by the War Office of distinctive regimental colours and shamrock cap badges. This very much hampered recruitment to the Division.
[edit] 8th (Service) Battalion
This battalion was formed at Fermoy, in October 1914 and reserved for recruits from the Irish National Volunteers by order of the Secretary of State for War, as the 47th Brigade in the 16th (Irish) Division]. It also comprised the largest number of recruits from the County Limerick area. It moved to Mitchelstown in November 1914 where it was visited by the Belfast Nationalist M.P. Joseph Devlin . It then moved to Templemore in February 1915, crossing over to Blackdown camp Aldershot , Hampshire , England in August, undergoing harder training.
[edit] France
Sailing from Southampton the 8RMF landed in France in 19. December 1915 with 33 officers and 948 other ranks, going straight to the deeply frozen trenches on the Loos salient, the front line of the earlier lost Battle of Loos, alongside the 15th (Scottish) Division. Casualties occurred throughout January. During February was stationed at Bethune for training, returning to the lines, rotating with the 9th. RMF through April. In May its casualties were replenished by 12 officers and 200 men from the disbanded 9th Battalion. During June and July it took part on several raids along the Loos sector with its brigade, suffering significant losses, often the battalion’s best soldiers. It left with the 16th. Division for the Somme sector on 30 August 1916.
[edit] Ginchy
Its area of operation was to the front at Guillemont and Ginchy . It was part of the assault which took Guillemont on 3. September along with the Connaught Rangers. It was left open to a counter-attack after the initial attack on Ginchy failed, then withdrawn to recover from its losses. It returned on the 7. with 200 men for the next attack on Ginchy. With inadequate cover it was inflicted to heavy casualties by the 9., unable to bury its dead. The other battalions of the 16th (Irish) Division captured Ginchy. The Division was then transferred northwards to the Ypres salient. The 8RMF on rotating trench engagements with continual casualties up to 7. November. It was disbanded with 21 officers and 446 other ranks on 22. November and drafted to the 1st RMF Regular Battalion returned from Gallipoli , just three weeks after the disbandment of the 7RMF in Macedonia .
[edit] 9th (Service) Battalion
The battalion was raised mostly in County Cork,during the late autumn of 1914 having the highest proportion of soldiers from that county of those in the regiment. The Independent Nationalist M.P. for mid-Cork, , Capt. D.D. Sheehan . played a considerable role as officer in its recruitment. After initial training at Kilworth near Buttevant it was stationed at Mallow then moved to Fermoy in June 1915, before crossing to Blackdown camp, Aldershot.
[edit] France
Landing in France on 29. December, it joined the 8th Battalion on the Loos Salient near Aire, described as 'hideous territory', suffering first casualties of its short history in January. Terrific artillery harassment followed right through March. Constant enemy activity, vile weather and appalling trench conditions greatly fatigued the battalion. Heavy losses were caused by mines and trench mortars. It endured a chlorine gas attack at the Battle of Hulluch in April. All enemy assaults were however repelled. The manpower shortages in other RMF regiments necessitated the battalion's disbandment on 30. May. Being the last raised new battalion its personnel were drafted to the 1st, 2nd and 8th Battalions.
[edit] 10th (Service) Battalion
This was the last Irish battalion formed during the war and was unusual in many respects. The initiative did not go out from the British Army, but from the West Clare M.P. Arthur Lynch whose intention was to raise a unit in 1918 which did not have the barriers against national identity which had affected the raising of the 16th Division. He had previously raised an Irish Brigade to fight for the Boers in the South African War, for which he had been sentenced to death by the British, which was later commuted. He then became involved in constitutional politics.
He campaigned to raise recruits separately from the British recruiting drive in Ireland, which caused much aggravation, putting many obstacles in his way, including having those he recruited diverted elsewhere and the familiar denial of concessions to Irish national sentiments. He only managed to get a special uniform approved for his six pipers, they were to be kilted, their hat badges with the design of an Irish Wolfhound rather than the traditional Munster’s emblem of a Bengal Tiger.
The battalion was initiated on 18. September 1918 at Ballyvonare Camp, Buttevant, co. Cork. It was to be officered only by Irishmen with front line experience. Col. Lynch had enlisted 29 men by 5. October and 77 by the middle of the month. He then visited the front in France, calling his unit “my nominal regiment”, which made the battalions connection with the RMF tenuous, many of the RMF’s prominent officers not knowing the RMF had a 10th battalion. Its numbers were never high, a recruit enlisting on 4. December was the 146th. The unit was not on active service, the Armistice removing any justification for its existence. It was disbanded the 14. March 1919, Col. Lynch resigning his commission in April.
[edit] RMF (Regular) Battalions
History of 1st and 2nd (Regular) Battalions related under
[edit] Reserve and Garrison Battalions
History of 3rd, 4th and 5th (Reserve) Battalions
History of 1st and 2nd (Garrison) Battalions related under
[edit] Great War Memorials
- National War Memorial, Islandbridge Dublin.
- Island of Ireland Peace Park Messines, Belgium.
- Menin Gate Memorial Ypres, Belgium.
[edit] Reading references
- Martin Staunton: The Royal Munster Fusiliers (1914-1919)
MA thesis UCD (1986). - Thomas P. Dooley: Irishmen or English Soldiers ?
The Times and World of a Southern Catholic Irish Man (1876-1916) enlisting
in the 9th Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers, during the First World War
Liverpool Press (1995), ISBN 0-653-23600-1. - Bryan Cooper (1918): The 10th (Irish) Division in Gallipoli
Irish Academic Press (1993), (2003), ISBN 0-7165-2517-8. - Terence Denman: Ireland's unknown Soldiers
The 16th (Irish) Division in the Great War, 1914-1918
Irish Academic Press (1992), (2003), ISBN 0-7165-2495-3. - Desmond & Jean Bowen: Heroic Option: The Irish in the British Army
Pen & Sword BooKs (2005), ISBN 1-84415-152-2. - Steven Moore: The Irish on the Somme (2005), ISBN 0-9549715-1-5.
- Peter Hart: The Somme Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2005), ISBN 0-297-84705-9.
