Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
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The Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, also known as Birds Australia, was founded in 1901 to promote the study and conservation of the native bird species of Australia and adjacent regions. This makes it Australia's oldest national birding association. It is also Australia's largest non-government, non-profit, bird conservation organisation. In 1996 it adopted the trading name of Birds Australia for most public purposes, while retaining its original name for legal purposes and as the publisher of its journal the Emu.
The RAOU was the instigator of the Atlas of Australian Birds project. It is also the publisher (in association with Oxford University Press) of the encyclopaedic Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Its quarterly colour membership magazine is Wingspan. The RAOU is the Australian Partner of BirdLife International. The motto of the RAOU is 'Conservation through Knowledge'.
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[edit] History
[edit] Establishment
The RAOU was formally constituted (as the Australasian Ornithologists Union) on 1 July 1901 in Melbourne, Victoria, following a series of informal meetings held by a small group of amateur ornithologists from 1896. The driving force behind the formation of the Union was Archibald J. Campbell. Founding membership was 137, including 6 women and 10 overseas members.
The first General Meeting of members was held in Adelaide on 1 November 1901, where office-bearers were elected. The first President was Colonel William Vincent Legge of Tasmania, the Secretary was Dudley Le Souef, the Treasurer Robert Hall, and the Editors Archibald J. Campbell and Henry Kendall. Such general meetings, soon termed 'congresses' were held annually thereafter and were normally accompanied by the annual 'campouts' of several days' duration which gave members the opportunity to meet and to collect specimens and eggs.
[edit] Early years
Many RAOU members in the early 20th Century called themselves 'oologists', though the distinction between the notionally scientific discipline of oology and simple egg-collecting was blurred. Identification of any but the most common and distinctive species usually entailed the collection of specimens to be made into study skins. Modern field-guides did not exist and few people could afford the massive multi-volume, lavishly illustrated, handbooks of John Gould and Gregory Mathews. However, both Archibald J. Campbell and Alfred North had produced comprehensive guides to what was known about the nests and eggs of Australian birds, with illustrations of the eggs rather than of the birds themselves, reflecting the dominance of egg and skin collecting in the ornithology of the time.
On 12 April 1905 some Melbourne members formed the Bird Observers Club to facilitate more frequent and less formal meetings and field-trips. At this time, membership of the Union was a prerequisite for membership of the Club. In 1916, when the Union acquired its own room for meetings and storage of donated specimens, it became impossible for the Club to share the use of the room. This led to the Club becoming inactive for the next few years, though it was successfully revived as an independent entity in 1927.
1907 saw the issue of bird conservation raised prominently with the publication in the Emu of articles and photographs by Arthur Mattingley depicting starving egret nestlings in a breeding colony where the parent birds had been shot for the international trade in plumes for millinery. The photographs were widely reprinted internationally as part of a campaign to halt the trade. As a result, the fashion for wearing plumes in hats and head-dresses changed and the market collapsed.
In 1909 the Union was one of the first major sponsors of the Gould League of Bird Lovers, which was founded by Jessie McMichael and supported by Dr John Albert Leach, the Director of Nature Study in the Victorian Education Department.
In 1910 the Union was given permission by King George V, newly ascended to the throne, to use the prefix 'Royal' on what had hitherto been simply the 'Australasian Ornithologists Union'.
Early in 1913 the first Official Checklist of the Birds of Australia was published as a supplement to the Emu. For many years the compilation of checklists and the production of regular supplements to them was a constant activity, and the position of Chairman of the Checklist Committee was an important one. Almost immediately the first Checklist was published, it was apparent that work needed to be continued towards a second edition, eventually published in 1926.
[edit] Changing attitudes
1911 was marked by the publication of An Australian Bird Book, by John Albert Leach. The popularity of the first edition ensured that a series of further editions and reprints continued into the 1960s. This was followed in 1931 with the first publication of Neville Cayley's What Bird is That?, further editions of which continued to be published into the 1980s. These books were focussed on bird identification rather than collecting and were affordable to the general public. They reflected the shifting mood in amateur ornithology, through the first half of the 20th Century, from collecting to observation.
The annual campouts were increasingly being seen as opportunities for bird-watching, photography and non-destructive studies. During the 1933 campout near Moree, New South Wales, extensive egg-collecting by the oologists present aroused much criticism from other members; the egg-collectors were later formally censured. This growing split between members' attitudes to bird-study came to a head at the 1935 campout at Marlo, eastern Victoria, when a museum ornithologist, George Mack, provocatively shot a Scarlet Robin at its nest, which had been under observation by the party. This caused outrage among many members and was followed by a decision of the RAOU Council to appoint a committee to reconsider the question of collecting. The result was a policy that collecting of specimens, except under government permit, was not acceptable, and that no collecting should take place at campouts anyway.
[edit] Decline and division
Membership of the RAOU, after reaching a peak in the 1920s, went into a decline during the Great Depression and the Second World War and there were difficulties meeting the costs of printing the Emu. After the War, membership numbers began to rise again. However, during the 1950s and 1960s, there was further division between the members. There were those who enjoyed the clubby atmosphere of the campouts and the comfortable, sometimes chatty, style of the Emu. Others, including those professionally involved in ornithology as well as the more scientifically rigorous amateurs, wanted the RAOU to be scientifically credible and to publish an ornithological journal that merited international recognition.
The sudden death of Charles Bryant in 1960 while Editor of the Emu was another blow. He had edited, and managed the publication of, the journal for over 30 years but had neglected to anticipate the need for a successor. Those who did succeed him during the 1960s, struggled to maintain, let alone develop, the journal in a way that the membership and the changing times demanded, and its issue, due to problems with the printers, was becoming erratic. Moreover, the accounts were falling into disarray and the administrative backlog was becoming worse each year. There was increasing criticism from members, especially from the ACT branch, which contained a high proportion of the members who were professional scientists.
A letter from the ACT branch to the RAOU Council meeting in July 1966 strongly criticised the standard of the Emu, the administrative disorder and the passivity regarding conservation and field studies. It finished by proposing two formal motions to (i) adopt active policies for organising research, publicity and eduucation, and to (ii) set up a committee to implement the former. Subsequently, in September 1966 such a reform committee was appointed under the chairmanship of Keith Hindwood. However, the lack of agreement between committee members led to its disbandment in August 1967, less than a year later. The RAOU was in crisis.
[edit] Reform and revival
Up to this point, the Emu had been the only serial publication produced by the RAOU for all members, and was by far the biggest financial cost to the organisation. For a majority of members the receipt of the journal was the only direct contact they had with the RAOU. Yet the content of Emu was being assailed from both the 'scientists' who wanted more rigour and less in-house material, and from the 'amateurs' who disliked the scientific language of many papers. The long-term solution would be to cater separately for both groups. The start of this process came with the decision by the RAOU Council in 1968 to allow for a type of membership without a subscription to Emu. The next step was when Jack Hyett resigned as Editor of Emu in 1968, the ACT Branch nominated Stephen Marchant for the editorship, and he was elected unopposed. Marchant was editor for the next twelve years and he transformed Emu into the lean and rigorous journal the 'scientists' wanted.
With regard to other necessary reforms, the new President, Allan McEvey, set up a new review committee of two, Dom Serventy and himself. Serventy, a scientist with the CSIRO, was the principal writer of the review report and he addressed both the need for a sense of what the RAOU should be doing, and the structure that would allow it to do so. Although there was considerable vocal opposition to the reform proposals (including cutting the number of people on Council from an unwieldy forty to just nine) the report was ratified by Council in April 1969 and adopted at an Extraordinary General Meeting in June 1969, with the vote being over 80% in favour. Later that year came the first issue of the RAOU Newsletter, a publication that would evolve to become the magazine Wingspan.
A perhaps unavoidable consequence of the reforms was the alienation of some of the members and Council officers. The drastic reduction in the number of Councillors meant that many regional positions in particular no longer existed. Some members left the organisation and many transferred their active loyalty to the Bird Observers Club. Independent regional groups were established to cater for those who felt disenfranchised by the new order, replacing previous RAOU branches. A comparison of the names of Council officers between 1968 and 1972 shows almost complete replacement, with most change occurring between 1969 and 1970. The process of renewal was painful and the sense of alienation, for some, was permanent.
One test of the reformed RAOU was to be the extent of its involvement with the International Ornithological Congress (IOC), held in Canberra in 1974 with about 800 delegates attending. The Secretary-General of the Congress (i.e. the principal organiser) was Dr Harold Frith who was not only one of the hardliners of the ‘scientists’ faction of the pre-reform RAOU, but had also threatened to start a competing group with its own journal if the reforms had not proceeded. Ultimately the RAOU contributed to the success of the IOC through provision of funding (along with the Australian Academy of Science (AAC) and the administrative assistance of the CSIRO), and with the organisation of excursions for delegates.
[edit] Projects, personnel and property
An essential part of the revolution within the RAOU in the in the late 1960s, and its evolution during the 1970s was a strong push to carry out scientific field studies with the involvement of volunteers. The first of the major projects undertaken was the Atlas of Australian Birds. Fieldwork for this project took place over five calendar years 1977-1981 and transformed the organisation. Pauline Reilly was RAOU President and an enthusiastic proponent of the Atlas in the years leading up to the fieldwork phase of the project and she was subsequently Chair of the Atlas Committee which oversaw the project. The first paid staff members of the RAOU were appointed in connection with the project, and the first property, a small house in Dryburgh Street, North Melbourne, acquired as premises for it in 1976. It soon became obvious that the house was too small and an upgrade was necessary; it was replaced in 1979 by a house in Gladstone Street, Moonee Ponds. The logistics of managing a national bird atlassing project, with 3000 volunteer atlassers mapping the avifauna of a continent, stretched the resources of the organisation beyond reasonable limits, but the RAOU was forced to grow in the process.
The period of the first Atlas also coincided with a move to establish bird observatories as field research centres. These were Eyre in 1976, Rotamah Island in 1979, Barren Grounds in 1982, and Broome in 1988. Later the emphasis shifted from the establishment of field centres to the purchase of large properties as habitat conservation, with the acquisition of Gluepot Reserve in 1997 and Newhaven Reserve in 2000.
[edit] Reconciling with the “amateurs”…
Between the beginning and the end of the first Atlas project RAOU membership grew from fewer than a thousand to over two thousand. Not all Atlassers became members, but many did, and most of them were not interested in subscribing to the Emu but were happy to receive the RAOU Newsletter that contained all the informal in-house news that the pre-reform Emu had carried. In 1991 the newsletter was renamed Wingspan, a glossy colour magazine received by all members. By 2004 fewer than 20% of RAOU members subscribed to the Emu.
In 1996 the RAOU formally adopted the name Birds Australia for most public purposes, and updated its logo from a lone Emu to an Emu with a family of chicks, reflecting new growth in the size and number of its regional groups.
[edit] …while keeping the “scientists” happy
1996 also saw the first Southern Hemisphere Ornithological Conference (SHOC), held in Albany, Western Australia. This was an initiative of Professor Brian Collins, RAOU President at the time. Another SHOC was held at Griffith University, Brisbane, in 2000 before the RAOU refined its conference concept and initiated the first Australasian Ornithological Conference (AOC), hosted with Charles Sturt University at Bathurst, New South Wales in December 2001. Also from 2001, the direct management and publication of the Emu was outsourced to CSIRO Publishing, which already handled a large stable of international and Australian scientific journals.
[edit] HANZAB
Other projects, such as the Australian Bird Count (1989-1995), followed the first Atlas. However, the project that would dominate the period from the early 1980s until 2006 was the Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (HANZAB). Financially it was the biggest project of all, and one that strained RAOU resources more than any other. The need to provide adequate working conditions for HANZAB staff was one factor that forced another move of its head office to larger premises in Riversdale Road, Hawthorn in 1994.
[edit] The future
The final volume of HANZAB was published in 2006, and an era in the history of the RAOU came to an end. In 2006 the RAOU announced that, once again, the National Office would be moving, early in 2007, to new (and for once, smaller) premises in Carlton, Melbourne.
[edit] Regional Groups
The RAOU / Birds Australia has several Regional Groups that cater for members based in particular geographic regions of Australia, as well as looking at the bird conservation challenges of those regions. These are:
- Birds Australia Capricornia (BAC)
- Birds Australia North Queensland (BANQ)
- Birds Australia Northern NSW (BANN)
- Birds Australia Southern NSW & ACT (BASNA)
- Birds Australia Southern Queensland (BASQ)
- Birds Australia Victoria (BA-VIC)
- Birds Australia Western Australia (BAWA)
- Birds Tasmania (BA-TAS)
[edit] Special Interest Groups
The RAOU / Birds Australia has four Special Interest Groups that focus attention on particular groups of birds that have special study and conservation needs. These are:
- Australasian Raptor Association (ARA) - birds of prey, including eagles, falcons, hawks and owls
- Australasian Seabird Group (ASG) - seabirds, including albatrosses, petrels, penguins, gulls and terns
- Australasian Wader Studies Group (AWSG) - waders or shorebirds
- Birds Australia Parrot Association (BAPA) - parrots, including cockatoos and lorikeets
[edit] Bird Observatories
Four Bird Observatories were established by the RAOU in order to provide accommodation and act as bases for research, education and recreation, in areas of particular interest and bird richness. Two of these, Barren Grounds Bird Observatory in NSW, and Rotamah Island Bird Observatory in Victoria, have since been closed for economic reasons. The two remaining observatories, both in Western Australia, are:
- Broome Bird Observatory (BBO)
- Eyre Bird Observatory (EBO)
[edit] Reserves
The RAOU has established two reserves, through the purchase of large pastoral leases, in order to protect extensive areas of important bird habitat. They are:
[edit] Honours and Awards
The RAOU has always recognised service to the organisation and to ornithology through the granting of the title of Fellow of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (FRAOU) to a small and limited number of individuals. It also recognises excellence in contributions to ornithological knowledge through annual awards: the D.L. Serventy Medal for outstanding published work on birds in the Australasian region, and the John Hobbs Medal for major contributions to amateur ornithology.
[edit] References
- Campbell, Archibald James. (1900). Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds. Including the geographical distribution of the species and popular observations thereon. (2 vols). Author: Melbourne.
- Dickison, D.J. (1951). The first fifty years of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union - 1901-1951. Emu 51: 185-284.
- Marchant, Stephen. (2002). A brief history of the 1966 proposal for reform of the RAOU. Canberra Bird Notes 27(1): 14-24.
- North, Alfred John. (1901-1914). Nests and Eggs of Birds found breeding in Australia and Tasmania. (4 vols). Australian Museum Special Catalogue No.1. Sydney.
- Robin, Libby. (2001). The Flight of the Emu: a hundred years of Australian ornithology 1901-2001. Carlton, Vic. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84987-3
- Robin, Libby. (2002). An Emu for a nation: a centenary reflection on the journal and its discipline. Emu 102: 1-7.
- Serventy, D.L. (1972). A historical background of ornithology with special reference to Australia. Emu 72: 41-50.
