Robert Surcouf
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Robert Surcouf (December 1773–8 July 1827) was a famous French privateer. During his legendary career, he captured 47 ships and was renowned for his gallantry and chivalry, earning the nickname of Roi des Corsaires ("King of Privateers").
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[edit] Youth
Surcouf was born in December 1773 in Saint-Malo, a fortified town in Brittany, traditionally a corsair stronghold. He attended a religious school and was educated by the Jesuits. At 13, he escaped his teachers and stole a small craft to prove his ability to sail; he was subsequently caught in a tempest and had to be rescued.
At age 15, he enlisted on a merchantman to India.
[edit] French Revolution
Between 1789 and 1791, he participated in slave trade between Mozambique and Madagascar. In 1792 he came back to Saint-Malo and discovered the political changes France had undergone in the wake of the French Revolution. He sailed to Isle de France (present-day Mauritius) in August on a commercial brig, and was informed on his arrival of the outbreak of war against Britain. Isle de France was threatened by two vessels (54-gun and 60-gun) commanded by Commodore Osborn. Surcouf was made a second officer of the frigate Cybèle, which, with another frigate and a brig, and with less than half their firepower, engaged and repelled the attackers. Surcouf was one of the heroes of the day.
[edit] Captain of the Créole
He was made a captain in Isle de France, and expressed his ambition to wage corsair warfare against Great Britain. However, the Convention frowned at privateers, and it was difficult to obtain a letter of marque.
On 3 June 1794, Surcouf sailed with the 4-gun ship La Créole, with a complement of 30 men, with orders to bring rice to Mauritius, and encountered three English ships escorted by the 26-gun Triton; he used a technicality to engage combat in self-defence, by not flying his colours until the English ships requested them by firing a warning shot (a naval convention of the time), which Surcouf later reported to consider an aggression. After a brief gunnery exchange, the British ships lowered their flag and were brought back to Mauritius, with their cargo of rice and maize. Surcouf was welcomed as a saviour in the famished Port Louis. The capture was declared legal, but in the absence of a letter of marque, the authorities retained the entire cargo (a portion of which normally goes to the corsair).
Following a dispute with the governor of Isle de France, Surcouf sailed to France to receive his letter of marque. He returned to sea in Nantes in August 1798, as captain of the 18-gun Clarisse, with 105 men. He captured four ships in the South Atlantic, and two others near Sumatra in February 1799. On 11 November, the 20-gun Auspicious was captured, with a cargo worth in excess of one million francs. Surcouf later had to flee before the 56-gun frigate Sybille, throwing eight guns overboard to out-sail the British warship. He captured a British brig and an American merchantman before returning to Isle de France.
[edit] Captain of the Confiance
In May, 1800, Surcouf took command of La Confiance, a fine and fast 18-gun ship from Bordeaux undergoing repairs in Isle de France.
Beginning in March, he led a brilliant campaign which resulted in the capture of nine British ships. On the 7 October, 1800, in the Bay of Bengal, La Confiance met the 38-gun Kent, a 1200-ton East Indiaman with 400 men and a company of naval riflemen. Despite being outnumbered three to one, the French managed to seize control of the Kent. He became a living legend in France and, in England, a public enemy whose capture was valued at 5 millions francs, although he was noted for the discipline of his crew and his humane treatment of prisoners.
[edit] Retirement
On 13 April 1801, though chased by British warships, he arrived in La Rochelle. He settled in Saint-Malo, married, and spent six years in retirement, as a businessman.
In 1803, at the breaking of the Treaty of Amiens, First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte personally offered him the title of captain and command of a frigate squadron in the Indian Ocean. Surcouf, however, refused, for two reasons: first, he would not have been allowed to operate as independently as he desired; and second, he believed that the war against England should be waged with economic means (i.e. by attacking its merchant navy) rather than direct naval assault. His arguments did not fall on deaf ears; in 1805, Napoleon chose a blockade against England rather than direct confrontation, and allowed privateers to operate with relative impunity. Surcouf left in good terms, and was made officer of the Légion d'Honneur on 18 July 1804.
[edit] Empire
In 1804, Surcouf went into business as ship-owner, and equipped 14 privateers in the Indian Ocean (among them his brother Nicolas Surcouf and his cousin Joseph Potier). Their achievements, however, were somewhat less impressive than Surcouf's own: four of the corsairs were captured by British warships, and 5 campaigns turned a deficit.
[edit] Captain of the Revenant
In 1807, a British vessel captured Nicolas Surcouf. On 2 March, Surcouf returned to sea on a specially-built three-mast, the 20-gun Revenant. Le Revenant was constructed under special directives by Surcouf himself, with a completely coppered hull, and a remarkable (for the time) top speed of 12 knots.
Surcouf arrived at Isle de France in June, defeating the British blockade and capturing several ships on the journey. During the subsequent campaign, which was to be his last, Surcouf captured 16 British ships, partly because British ships tended to lower their flag as soon as they identified their opponent. He returned to Isle de France in February 1808 . He then decided to stay on the island, leaving the campaign to his second-in-command (and cousin) Joseph Potier. In two campaigns, the latter captured about 20 ships, including the large 34-gun Portuguese Conceçao.
The governor of Isle de France, General Charles Decaen, seized the Revenant for the defence of the island. After a heated argument with Decaen, Surcouf acquired the frigate La Sémillante, renamed it Le Charles, and sailed it back to France. In the meantime, Decaen had confiscated all Surcouf's possessions in the Indian Ocean. In October 1808, the Revenant (renamed Iena), was captured by a British warship and renamed Victor. She would be re-taken two years later by the frigate Bellone, under captain Duperré and kept the Victor name.
On 4 February 1809, Le Charles arrived in France with an 8-million franc cargo. Surcouf was received by Napoleon and made Baron d'Empire, and his possessions were returned to him.
In August 1810, Surcouf's Revenant took part in the Battle of Grand Port in Isle de France (Mauritius). It was to be Bonaparte's only naval victory over the British and inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. The British came back a few month later with an overwhelming force and took over the island.
[edit] Captain of the Renard
In 1812, the corsaire launched his last ship Le Renard. She was a single-mast, 70-tonne cutter, with 10 carronades and 4 canons, crewed by 46 men. On 9 September beginning at five o'clock and lasting through the night, Le Renard successfully engaged the British vessel Alphea. She was armed with 16 cannons, and over 80 elite British sailors. Combat was intense and bloody until at three o'clock in the morning when the Alphea took two direct hits from Le Renard striking, what was presumably the power magazine, causing the British ship to explode. There were no reported survivors. Surcouf returned to France with only 13 men valid.
[edit] Retirement
In January 1814, Surcouf was made a colonel in the National Guard of Saint-Malo. However, he took no part in the Hundred Days as a chief of Legion. After the war, he returned to Saint-Malo, rich and with the title of baron, and became a merchant ship-owner, establishing business with Terre-Neuve, the Caribbean, Africa and the Indian Ocean.
In 1817, he fought against twelve Prussian officers with a cue stick because they had insulted an old man in a bar; he managed to hold them long enough to challenge them all to duels. He subsequently defeated eleven of the officers, one by one, leaving the last and youngest alive "to tell the tale".
He died on 8 July 1827, and was carried to his grave by sea on a flotilla of over 50 sailboats.
[edit] Tactics
As a privateer, Surcouf used tactics to compensate being out-gunned by larger British ships: he would use small, fast ships to make the huge ships think he was either too little of a threat to consider firing at, a vessel on the verge of sinking or a fishing vessel. Even if the ships did fire at him, his ships were often too fast for the British behemoths to bead. Below deck, elite marines waited until the order was given to board. When the men sprung forth, the British ship cannons could not depress enough to fire directly on the French ship.
[edit] Quotes
- Discussing with a British officer:
- "You French fight for money, while we British fight for honour."
- "A man fights for what he lacks the most!"
- On spotting the much more powerful Kent:
- "The reward will only be fatter!"
- Construction of his grand terrace at his residence.
- Through Surcouf's actions he brought incredible wealth to St. Malo. It was said that Napoleon
- himself borrowed from the city's treasury to pay for his campaigns. Surcouf naturally had
- amassed a great deal of wealth in his escapades and wanted to make a terrace out of coins. He
- went to the Emperor himself and requested permission. Of course all currency had Napoleon's
- face on it and he disapproved of people treading over his visage. The great corsaire then
- clarified his plan with;
"No my lord, they will not be treading upon your face."
- The large terrace was constructed with the coins stacked and then laid sideways so that the
- thin edge acted as the surface on which people walked.
[edit] Trivia
- The phrase "A man fights for what he lacks the most!" is spoken by "Captain Red" in Roman Polanski's film Pirates.
- The manoeuvre consisting in setting up a decoy a night by planting a lantern on a small boat was executed by Surcouf to successfully escape the British frigate HMS Sybille. In Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, a British ship (ironically enough) escapes a French privateer using this same trick.
- Surcouf happened to be a descendant of Duguay-Trouin on the side of his mother.
- See French ship Surcouf for ships name in the honour of Surcouf
