Robert S. Shankland

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Robert S. Shankland (1908–1982) was an American physicist and historian.

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[edit] Biography

Shankland was an undergraduate at the Case School for Applied Sciences from 1925-1929 and received his masters degree in 1933. He received his Ph.D. in 1935 for work on photon scattering with Arthur Compton at the University of Chicago. Shankland's other research included work on the ionosphere and standard frequency regulations from 1929-1930 with the US National Bureau of Standards, and work on sonar for submarine warfare in World War II.

Shankland's final report on the Albert Michelson's Irvine Ranch experiments was published in 1933. Shankland in the British journal Nature gave the historical background of how Einstein formulates the first two principles, in 1905, of the Special Theory of Relativity from the Michelson-Morley experiment. Shankland believed that the accepted direct explanation for the Michelson-Morley experiment is provided by the special theory of relativity given by Albert Einstein in 1905. Shankland recorded that Michelson's Santa Ana trip was to look at the science of the aether. Physicists consider the results of the tests on Mount Wilson more accurate.

[edit] Analysis of the Miller Experiment

Shankland performed a debated analysis on how Dayton Miller's interferometric results could be caused by thermal fluctuations and therefore be consistent with special relativity; Shankland's explanation is now accepted by most mainstream scientists. He was in the physics department of Case Western Reserve University from 1940-1958 (becoming its chairman), worked on neutrino experiments with Argonne National Laboratory from 1953-1969, and had other interests including the history of relativity and architectural acoustics.

In 1925-1926, Dayton Miller performed interferometric observations at Mount Wilson, similar to the Michelson-Morley experiment, that appeared to reflect a measurable drift of the Earth through the luminiferous aether, in apparent contradiction with other experiments of that type and with relativity's prediction that no aether should be observable.

In 1955, Shankland published a paper analyzing Miller's data, arguing that "the small periodic fringe displacements found by Miller are due in part to statistical fluctuations in the readings of the fringe positions in a very difficult experiment" and "the remaining systematic effects are ascribed to local temperature conditions." Moreover, he argues that the thermal gradients responsible for the effects "were much more troublesome at Mount Wilson than those encountered by experimenters elsewhere, including Miller himself in his work done at Case in Cleveland." In a 1973 review paper on the experimental development of relativity, Shankland included an August 31, 1954 letter to him by Einstein agreeing with his analysis. (Shankland had sent Einstein a manuscript prior to its publication.) Einstein wrote:

I thank you very much for sending me your careful study about the Miller experiments. Those experiments, conducted with so much care, merit, of course, a very careful statistical investigation. This is more so as the existence of a not trivial positive effect would affect very deeply the fundament of theoretical physics as it is presently accepted.
You have shown convincingly that the observed effect is outside the range of accidental deviations and must, therefore, have a systematic cause. You made it quite probable that this systematic cause has nothing to do with "ether-wind," but has to do with differences of temperature of the air traversed by the two light bundles which produced the bands of interference. Such an effect is indeed practically inevitable if the walls of the laboratory room have a not negligible difference in temperature.
It is one of the cases where the systematic errors are increasing quickly with the dimension of the apparatus.

In Shankland's re-analysis, no statistically significant signal for the existence of aether was found. The analysis is accepted by mainstream physicists, the abandonment of the concept of the aether is nearly universal, and Miller's observed signal is believed the result of experimenter's bias; the "signal" that Miller observed in 1933 is actually composed of points that are an average of several hundred measurements each, and the magnitude of the signal is more than 10 times smaller than the resolution with which the measurements were recorded.

Though there are some on the fringe of the scientific community (Maurice Allais,James DeMeo) who do not accept Shankland's refutation and hold to the belief that Miller's experiment invalidates the theory of relativity, Einstein's theory is today regarded by most physicists as proven.

[edit] External links and references

  • R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti, "New analysis of the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller," Rev. Mod. Phys. 27, 167–178 (1955).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Michelson's role in the development of relativity," Applied Optics 12 (10), 2280 (1973).


[edit] Appendix: partial list of Shankland's publications

  • R. S. Shankland, "An apparent failure of the photon theory of scattering," Phys. Rev. 49, 8-13 (1936).
  • R. S. Shankland, J. W. Coltman, "Departure of overtones of vibrating wire from true harmonic series," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 10 (3), 161-166 (1939).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Analysis of pulses by means of harmonic analyzer," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 12 (3), 383-386 (1941).
  • E. W. Samuel, R. S. Shankland, "Sound field of Straubel X-cut crystal," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22 (5), 589-592 (1950).
  • R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti, "New analysis of the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller," Rev. Mod. Phys. 27, 167–178 (1955).
  • H. J. Ormestad, R. S. Shankland, A. H. Benade, "Reverberation time characteristics of Severance Hall," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32 (3), 371-375 (1960).
  • R. S. Shankland, Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Macmillan: New York, 1960).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Michelson-Morley experiment," Am. J. Phys. 32 (1), 16-35 (1964).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Quality of reverberation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 43 (3), 426-430 (1968).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Michelson's role in the development of relativity," Applied Optics 12 (10), 2280 (1973).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Conversations with Einstein," Am. J. Physics 41 (7), 895-901 (1973).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Acoustics of Greek theaters," Physics Today 26 (10), 30 (1973).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Michelson and his interferometer," Physics Today 27 (4), 37 (1974)
  • R. S. Shankland, "Michelson: America's first Nobel-prize winner in science," Bulletin of the American Physical Society 21 (4), 601-602 (1976).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Architectural Acoustics in America to 1930," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61 (2), 250-254 (1977).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Acoustical designing for performers," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65 (1), 140-144 (1979).
  • R. S. Shankland, "Einstein, Albert — In Remembrance," Biography — An Interdisciplinary Quarterly 2 (3), 190-200 (1979)
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