Richardson's Ground Squirrel

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iRichardson's Ground Squirrel

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Sciuridae
Genus:	Spermophilus
Species:	S. richardsonii

Binomial name

Spermophilus richardsonii
(Sabine, 1822)

Richardson's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii), or the Flickertail, is a North American ground squirrel in the genus Spermophilus. Like a number of other ground squirrels, they are sometimes called "gophers", though this name belongs more strictly to the pocket gophers of family Geomyidae.

Native to the short grass prairies, Richardson's Ground Squirrel is found mainly in the northern states of the United States, such as North Dakota, and in southern Canada, such as southern Alberta and Southern Saskatchewan. The range of this animal expanded as forests were cleared to create farm land.

Typical adults are about 30 cm long. Weights vary greatly with time of year and with location: at emergence from hibernation the squirrels weigh between 200 and 400 grams, but by the time they hibernate again this may have risen to nearly 750 grams; males are slightly larger and heavier than females on average. They are dark brown on the upper side and tan underneath. The tail is shorter and less bushy than in other ground squirrels, and the external ears are so short as to look more like holes in the animal's head. Behavior is more like that of a prairie dog than a typical ground squirrel. The tail is constantly trembling, so the animal is sometimes called the "Flickertail".

Although they are territorial around their nest sites, the burrows of Richardson's Ground Squirrels are grouped closely together in colonies, and individuals give audible alarm calls when possible predators approach. Recent research has shown that in some cases, ultrasonic alarm calls are given, and are responded to by other members of the colony.

Flickertails hibernate; adult squirrels may hibernate as early as July, though in their first year, the young squirrels do not hibernate until September. The males emerge from hibernation in March, and establish territories before the females emerge a couple of weeks later. The young, up to 8 in a litter, are born in April or May. Abandoned burrows are sometimes taken over by other grassland species such as the burrowing owl.

These animals are omnivores, eating seeds, nuts, grains, grasses and insects. Predators include hawks, weasels, badgers and coyotes. Because they will readily eat crop species, Richardson's Ground Squirrels are sometimes considered to be agricultural pests.

This animal was named after the Scottish naturalist Sir John Richardson. The Gopher Museum in Torrington, Alberta, Canada, has a large selection of stuffed ground squirrels of many varieties and colors.

North Dakota is nicknamed after the squirrel: The Flickertail State.

[edit] Extermination

Farmers and ranchers have developed some ingenious ways of exterminating gophers besides trapping, shooting or poisoning. One enterprising person uses a large modified sewage vacuum truck to suck gophers out of dens and into the truck's tank. Another person developed a process that fills the burrows with a mixture of oxygen and propane and then ignites the gas mixture which kills the gophers with a concussive force that also collapses the tunnel systems. While both solutions are effective, gophers from outside of the treated areas will eventually spread back into the area.

At least two companies manufacture products that use the concussive force of ignited gasses: Rodenator Proand Rodex.