Richard Mulcahy

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General Richard James Mulcahy (10 May 1886 – 16 December 1971) was an Irish politician, leader of Fine Gael and Cabinet Minister. He fought in the 1916 Easter Rising and served as Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army during the War of Independence against the British.

Contents 1 Early life and 1916 rising 2 War of Independence and Civil War 3 Post independence politician 4 Political career

[edit] Early life and 1916 rising

Richard (Dick) Mulcahy was born in Manor Street, Waterford in 1886. He was educated at Mount Sion Christian Brothers School and later in Thurles, County Tipperary, where his father was the postmaster. One of his grandmothers was a Quaker who was disowned by her wealthy family for marrying a Roman Catholic. He joined the Post Office (engineering dept) in 1902 and worked in Thurles, Bantry, and Dublin. Mulcahy joined the Irish Volunteers soon after their formation in 1913 and was also a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Gaelic League.

He was second-in-command to the late Thomas Ashe (who would later die on hunger strike) in an encounter with the armed Royal Irish Constabulary at Ashbourne, County Meath during the Easter Rising in 1916. Arrested after the rising he was interned at Knutsford and at the Frongoch internment camp in Wales until his release in November 1916.

[edit] War of Independence and Civil War

Upon his release he immediately rejoined the republican movement and became deputy chief of staff of the Irish Volunteers, working closely with Michael Collins. Elected to the First Dáil in the 1918 general election, he was named Minister for Defence in the new, illegal government. In March 1919 he became IRA chief of staff, a position he held until January 1922.

He and Michael Collins were largely responsible for directing the military campaign against the British during the War of Independence. During this period of upheaval in 1919 he married Josephine Ryan, sister of Dr. James Ryan and sister of Philomena ("Phyllis") Ryan, wife of Seán T. O'Kelly, two men who would later be members of Fianna Fáil governments. Mulcahy supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 and became commander of the military forces of the Provisional Government during the subsequent Civil War.

He earned notoriety amongst anti-treaty supporters through his order that captured "rebel" soldiers were liable for execution. A total of 77 anti-Treaty prisoners were executed by Mulcahy's Provisional Government. Mulcahy served as Defence Minister in the new Free State government from 1923 until 1924, but was forced to resign after criticism by the Executive Council over his handling of the so-called Army Mutiny — when Irish Army officers almost revolted after Mulcahy demobilised many of them after the end of the Civil War. He re-entered the cabinet as Minister for Local Government in 1927.

[edit] Post independence politician

During his period on the backbenches of Dáil Éireann his electoral record fluctuated. He was elected as Teachta Dála for Dublin North West in the 1921 and 1922 general elections. The following year, in the 1923 election he moved constituency to Dublin North, where he was re-elected in four further elections: June 1927, September 1927, 1932 and 1933.

Mulcahy was defeated in the 1937 general election, but secured election to the Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the parliament, on the Administrative Panel. The 2nd Seanad sat for less than two months, and he was elected to the 10th Dáil for Dublin North East in the 1938 election. Defeated again in the election of 1943, he secured election to the 4th Seanad, on the Labour Panel.

After the resignation of W.T. Cosgrave in 1944, Mulcahy became leader of Fine Gael while still a member of the Seanad. Thomas F. O'Higgins was parliamentary leader of the party in the Dáil at the time. Mulcahy was returned again to the 12th Dáil as TD for Tipperary at the 1944 general election.

Following the 1948 general election the First Inter-Party Government in the history of the Irish state came to power. Fine Gael, the Labour Parties and the breakawy National Labour Party, Clann na Poblachta and Clann na Talmhan joined forces to oust Fianna Fáil from power. As Fine Gael was the largest party, it would choose the next Taoiseach. However, Mulcahy was seen as an unacceptable candidate to the Republican leader of Clann na Poblachta, Seán MacBride (son of John MacBride and Maud Gonne). Many Irish Republicans had never forgiven him for the executions he carried out under the Cosgrave government.

Without Clann na Poblachta, the other parties would have had 57 seats between them--17 seats short of a majority in the 147-seat Dáil. Accordingly, Mulcahy unselfishly stepped aside in favour of former Attorney-General John A. Costello. From then on, Costello served as parliamentary leader of Fine Gael while Mulcahy remained nominal leader of the party. Mulcahy went on to serve as Minister for Education from 1948 until 1951. Another coalition government came to power at the 1954 election, with Mulcahy once again stepping aside to become Minister for Education in the Second Inter-Party Government. The government fell in 1957, but Mulcahy remained as Fine Gael leader until October 1959. In October 1960 he told his Tipperary constituents that he did not intend to contest the next election.

Richard Mulcahy died in Dublin on 16 December 1971, at the age of 85 from natural causes. His son, also named Richard Mulcahy, was for many years a prominent cardiologist in Dublin.

[edit] Political career

Preceded by: Newly Created Office	Minister for National Defence Jan - Apr 1919	Succeeded by: Cathal Brugha
Preceded by: Cathal Brugha	Minister for Defence 1922–1924	Succeeded by: William T. Cosgrave
Preceded by: Ernest Blythe	Minister for Local Government & Public Health 1927–1932	Succeeded by: Seán T. O'Kelly
Preceded by: William T. Cosgrave	Leader of the Fine Gael Party 1944–1959	Succeeded by: James Dillon
Preceded by: Thomas F. O'Higgins (acting)	Leader of the Opposition 1944–1948	Succeeded by: Eamon de Valera
Preceded by: Tomás Ó Deirg	Minister for Education 1948–1951	Succeeded by: Seán Moylon
Preceded by: Seán Moylon	Minister for Education 1954–1957	Succeeded by: Jack Lynch
Preceded by: Newly Created Office	Minister for the Gaeltacht 1956	Succeeded by: Patrick J. Lindsay

Leaders of Fine Gael
General Eoin O'Duffy (1933-1934) | William T. Cosgrave (1934-1944) | General Richard Mulcahy (1944-1959) | James Dillon (1959-1965) | Liam Cosgrave (1965-1977)  | Garret FitzGerald (1977-1987)  | Alan Dukes (1987-1990)  | John Bruton (1990-2001)  | Michael Noonan (2001-2002)  | Enda Kenny (2002-)