Respiration (physiology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Respiration is the process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). Respiration is commonly confused with breathing, but they are not the same. Respiration takes place on a cellular level whereas breathing is on a different level. Respiration takes place in the mitochondria of the cells and provides the cells with energy.
Respiration also takes place in plants, where they respire the products of photosynthesis - oxygen and glucose to give energy, water and carbon dioxide.
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[edit] Reaction of Respiration
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy. It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2.
Chemical Equation for glucose:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy released (2830 kJ mol−1)
Anaerobic respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy. These processes require another electron acceptor to replace oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is often used interchangeably with fermentation, especially when the glycolytic pathway exists in the cell. However, certain anaerobic prokaryotes generate all of their ATP using an electron transport system and ATP synthase.
Chemical Equation:
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + Energy released (120 kJ mol−1)
As you can see, Anaerobic respiration releases much less energy because the alcohol released still contains great deal of energy.
There are several ways to dichotomize the physiology of respiration:
[edit] By species
[edit] By mechanism
[edit] By experiments
- Huff and puff apparatus
- Respirometer
- SIFT-MS selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
- Bell jar model lung
[edit] By disorders and emergencies
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- Myasthenia gravis
- Asthma
- Drowning
- Choking
- Dyspnea
- Anaphylaxis
- Pneumonia
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- Aspiration (medicine) - Pulmonary edema
[edit] By medication
[edit] By intensive care and emergency medicine
- CPR
- Mechanical ventilation
- Intubation
- Iron lung
- Intensive care medicine
- Liquid breathing
- ECMO
- Oxygen toxicity
- Medical ventilator
- Paramedic
- Life support
- General anaesthesia
- Bronchoscopy
- Laryngoscope
[edit] By other medical topics
- Respiratory therapy
- Breathing gases
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
- Hypoxia
- Gas embolism
- Decompression sickness
- Barotrauma
- Oxygen toxicity
- Nitrogen narcosis
- Carbon dioxide poisoning
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- HPNS
- Salt water aspiration syndrome
