Republic of Indian Stream
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The Republic of Indian Stream was a small, unrecognized, self-declared, constitutional republic in North America that existed from July 9, 1832 to 1835. Described as Indian Stream Territory so-called by the U.S. census taker in 1830, the area was named for Indian Stream, a small river, and had an organized, elected government and constitution, which served about 300 citizens.
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[edit] History
The area was first settled under a land grant not from the King of England, but rather from the St. Francis Wampanoag chief, King Philip, who had led many successful raids on New England settlements during the 1670s. (That would make King Philip about a hundred fifty when he signed his title to the land, clearly not the same man. This King Philip was another chief who had earlier led a rather independednt group of Indians that hunted and camped in the area. By the time of this story he was old and alone except for two indian women)
This grant was sold to one land speculation company, while a second group of Indians from the same tribe claimed to another company that the Chief had been deposed, and that they were empowered to issue a grant, which they did to the second company. Following the Revolutionary War, both companies surveyed the territories and issued their own land grants to settlers, which frequently overlapped. It was not until after the War of 1812, when both companies were in financial straits, that they merged and reconciled all land claims.
The establishment of Indian Stream as an independent nation was essentially the result of the ambiguous boundary between the United States and Canada as defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783), because there were three possible options for "the northwesternmost head of Connecticut River." As a result, the area (in and around the three tributaries that fed into the head of the Connecticut River) was not necessarily under the jurisdiction of either the U.S. or Canada.
The relevant text from the Treaty reads:
- "...(westward) along the said highlands which divide those rivers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut River; thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude; from thence by a line due west on said latitude..."
The Republic covered the northern reaches of what is now the state of New Hampshire, including the four Connecticut Lakes. Where the British claimed the southeasternmost branch (the chain of Connecticut Lakes), the U.S. claimed the border as we know it today (i.e., Hall's Stream, to the west—arguably a "northwesternmost headwater" of the Connecticut). Both sides sent in tax collectors and debt-collecting sheriffs. The double taxation in particular caused ire among the population, and the republic was formed to put an end to the issue until the U.S. and Britain could settle on the borderline.
The republic ceased to operate independently in 1835, when the New Hampshire Militia occupied the area, following a vote to be annexed by the Indian Stream Congress. The vote arose from fears regarding a prior incident in which a group of "Streamers" invaded Canada to free a fellow citizen who had been arrested by a British sheriff and judge over a matter of an unpaid hardware-store debt, as debtors' prison laws were still in force at the time. The invading posse shot up the judge's home where their comrade was being held, causing something of an international incident. The British Ambassador to the U.S. was astonished at the idea of a war with the States over a matter of a hardware-store debt and quickly agreed to engage in negotiations to resolve the long-simmering border disputes resulting from the poor wording of the Treaty of Paris.
Britain relinquished its claim in January 1836, and U.S. jurisdiction was acknowledged around May 1836. Still described as Indian Stream at the time of the 1840 U.S. Census taken June 1, 1840, the local population totalled 315. The area was incorporated as Pittsburg in 1840. Pittsburg, in Coos County, is the largest township in the U.S., at 300,000 acres (1,200 km²), or 282.3 square miles (731 km²) of land area and 9.0 square miles (23 km²) of inland water area.
In 1842, the land dispute was definitively resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the land was assigned to New Hampshire. However, the 1845 Lewis Robinson Map of New Hampshire "Based on the latest authorities," has a northern boundary at the township of Clarksville, just south of modern-day Pittsburg.
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Brown, Roger Hamilton. The Struggle for the Indian Stream Territory. Cleveland, OH: Western Reserve University Press, 1955.
- Doan, Daniel, Indian Stream Republic: Settling a New England Frontier, 1785-1842. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 1997.
- Lent, Jeffrey, Lost Nation. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002. (historical fiction)
- Pike, Robert E. Tall Trees, Tough Men. New York: W.W. Norton, 1967.
- -----. Spiked Boots. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press, 1999 [reprint].
[edit] External links
Categories: 1832 establishments | 1835 disestablishments | 1830s in the United States | Canada and the United States | History of New Hampshire | Rebellions in the United States | Secession in the United States | International territorial disputes of the United States | History of the United States (1789–1849)
