Remora

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iRemora

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Echeneidae

Genera

Echeneis
Phtheiricthys
Remora
Remorina
See text for species.

Synonyms

Echeneididae

Remoras or suckerfish are elongate brown fish in order Perciformes and family Echeneidae.^[1]^[2] They grow up to 30-90 cm long (1-3 feet), and their distinctive dorsal fin takes the form of a modified oval sucker-like organ with slat-like structures that open and close to create suction and take a firm hold against the skin of larger marine animals. By sliding backward, the remora can increase the suction, or it can release itself by swimming forward. Remoras sometimes attach themselves to small boats. They also swim well on their own, with a sinuous motion.

Remoras are primarily tropical open-ocean dwellers, occasionally found in temperate or coastal waters if they have attached to large fish that have wandered into these areas. In the mid-Atlantic, spawning usually takes place in June and July; in the Mediterranean, in August and September. The sucking disc begins to show when the young fish are about 1 cm long. When the remora reaches about 3 cm, the disc is fully formed and the remora is then able to hitch a ride. The remora's lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and there is no swim bladder.

Some remoras associate primarily with specific host species. Remoras are commonly found attached to sharks, manta rays, whales and turtles, (hence the common names sharksucker, whalesucker). Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish like tuna and swordfish, and some small remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish, swordfish, and sailfish.

The relationship between remoras and their hosts is most often taken to be one of commensalism, specifically phoresy. The host they attach to for transport gains nothing from the relationship, but also loses little. The remora benefits by using the host as transport and protection and also feeds on materials dropped by the host. There is some controversy over whether a remora's diet is primarily leftover fragments, or actually the feces of the host. In some species (Echeneis naucrates and E. neucratoides) consumption of host feces is strongly indicated in gut dissections.^[3] For other species, such as those found in a host's mouth, scavenging of leftovers is more likely. Many sources also suggest that for some remora/host pairings the relationship is closer to mutualism with the remora cleaning bacteria and other parasites from the host.

A nurse shark with remoras attending

1 Species
2 The fishing fish
3 Mythology
4 Trivia
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Species

There are eight species in four genera:

Genus Echeneis
- Live sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758.
- Whitefin sharksucker, Echeneis neucratoides Zuiew, 1786.
Genus Phtheirichthys
- Slender suckerfish, Phtheirichthys lineatus (Menzies, 1791).
Genus Remora
- Whalesucker, Remora australis (Bennett, 1840).
- Spearfish remora, Remora brachyptera (Lowe, 1839).
- Marlin sucker, Remora osteochir (Cuvier, 1829).
- Common remora, Remora remora (Linnaeus, 1758).
Genus Remorina
- White suckerfish, Remorina albescens (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850).

[edit] The fishing fish

Remoras have been used for catching turtles in a remarkable way: a cord or rope is fastened to the remora's tail, and when a turtle is sighted the fish is released from the boat; it usually heads directly for the turtle and fastens itself to the turtle's shell, and then both remora and turtle are hauled in. Smaller turtles can be pulled completely into the boat by this method, while larger ones are hauled within harpooning range. This practice has been reported throughout the Indian Ocean, especially from eastern Africa near Zanzibar and Mozambique,^[4] and from northern Australia near Cape York and Torres Strait.^[5]^[6]

Similar reports have also come from Japan and from the Americas. In fact, some of the first records of the "fishing fish" in the Western literature come from the accounts of the second voyage of Christopher Columbus. However, Leo Wiener considers the Columbus accounts to be apocryphal: what was taken for accounts of the Americas may have in fact been notes that Columbus derived from accounts of the East Indies, his desired destination.^[7]

[edit] Mythology

In ancient times, the remora was believed to stop a ship from sailing. In Latin remora means "delay", while the genus name Echeneis comes from Greek echein ("to hold") and naus ("a ship"). Particularly notable is the account of Pliny the Younger, in which the remora is blamed for the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium and (indirectly) for the death of Caligula.^[8]

Because of the shape of the jaws, appearance of the sucker, and coloration of the remora, it sometimes appears to be swimming upside-down. This probably led to the older common name reversus, although this might also derive from the fact that the remora frequently attaches itself to the tops of manta rays or other fish, so that the remora in fact is upside-down while attached.

[edit] Trivia

Remoraid is a Pokémon that was inspired by the remora. In most official merchandise, Mantine (a manta ray-like Pokémon) can be seen with a Remoraid attached to the bottom of its wings, not unlike how a real remora attaches itself to rays and other large sea life.

In A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket, there is a character called Mr. Remora, who is a teacher.

In the 1996 action film Executive Decision with Kurt Russell, terrorists hijack a commercial plane going towards the US carrying a bomb loaded with DZ-5, planning to kill 40 million citizens. Meanwhile, at the Pentagon, a plan is worked out that will involve a mid-air transfer on a commando team onto the hijacked airliner using an experimental "Remora" aircraft.