Refraction (metallurgy)

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In metallurgy, refraction is a property of metals that indicates their ability to withstand heat. Metals with a high degree of refraction are referred to as refractory. These metals derive their high melting points from their strong intermolecular forces. Large quantities of energy are required to over come the force intermolecular forces. The strong intermolecular forces are a result of metallic bond. In this type of bonding, electrons in the metal atom's outer most shell become de-localized, forming a pool of free electrons and ionized atoms.

Some refractory metals include molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, and tantalum. These materials are also noted for their high elastic modulus and hardness.