Rashidi

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The Rashidi (Arabic: آل رشيد) were a historic house of the Arabian Peninsula, the most formidable enemies of the House of Saud. They were centered in Ha'il, a city in Najd that derived its wealth from being on the route of the Hajj.

The Rashidi were a part of the Jafaar lineage of Abde section of the Shammar tribe. The leaders of the Shammar Tribe normally came from the Jafaar lineage.

The Rashidis derived their name from the grandfather of Abdullah, the first amir, who was named Rashid.

The Rashidi amirs cooperated closely with the Ottoman empire. However, this cooperation became problematic as the Ottoman empire lost popularity.

One recurrent problem with the Rashidi rule was the lack of a generally accepted rule of succession. The internal dispute normally centered on whether succession to the position of amir should be horizontal (i.e. to a brother) or vertical (to a son). These internal divisions within the family lead to bloody infighting. In the last years of the nineteenth century six Rashidi leaders died violently.

Over the first twenty years of the 20th century the Arab peninsula saw a long running series of wars as the Saudis and their allies sought to unite the peninsula. While the Rashidi rallied a number of other tribes to their side the effort proved futile and by 1921 Ha'il surrendered to Ibn Saud's army.

Some members of the Rashid family left the country and went into voluntary exile, mostly to Iraq. By the 1990's only a handful were still outside Saudi Arabia.

[edit] Amirs of the House of Rashid

1. Abdullah Ibn Rashid (1836–48). Abdullah came to power after leading a revolt (together with his brother Obeid) against the ruler of Hail, Mohammad Ibn Ali, who was a fellow member of the Jafaar lineage. As a leader, Abdullah was praised for bringing peace and stability both to Hail and to the surrounding region. Abdullah demanded from his brother Obeid an ahd (covenant) according to which succession to the office of amir remained in Abdullahs line.
2. Talal Ibn Abdullah (1848–68). The son of Abdullah. Talal (or Telal) was known for his "urban" interests. During his rule the Barzan Palace in Hail was completed. He established regular trade connections with Irak, and expanded the Rashidi sphere of influence:

   "The inhabitants of Kaseem, weary of Wahhabee tyranny, turned their eyes towards Telal, who had already given a generous and inviolable asylum to the numerous political exiles of that distirict. Secret negotiations took place, and at a favourable moment the entire uplands of that province—after a fashion not indeed peculiar to Arabia—annexed themselves to the kingdom of Shommer by universal and unanimous suffrage." William Gifford Palgrave, 1865: 129.

   Talal was considered relatively tolerant towards foreigners, including traders in Ha'il:

   "Many of these traders belonged to the Shiyaa sect, hated by all good Sonnites, doubly hated by the Wahabees. But Telal [sic] affected not to perceive their religious discrepansies, and silenced all murmers by marks of special favour towards these very dissenters, and also by the advantages which their presence was not long in procuring for the town". William Gifford Palgrave 1865: 130.

   In the 1860s internal disputes in the House of Saud allowed a Rashidi/Ottoman alliance to oust them. The Rashidi occupied the Saudi capital of Riyadh in 1865 and forced the leaders of the House of Saud into exile. Talal later died in a shooting incident which has been termed "mysterious". He left seven sons, but the oldest, Bandar, was only 18 or 20 when his father died.
3. Mitab Ibn Abdullah (1868–9). A younger brother of Talal. He was supported by senior members of the Rashid family and the sheiks of the Shammar sections. After only a year he was shot and killed in the Barzan Palace by his nephew and next amir, Bandar.
4. Bandar Ibn Talal (1869). Ruled for only a short time before he was killed by his uncle, Mohammed.
5. Mohammed Ibn Abdullah (1869–97) A confrontation outside Hail with his nephew, the young Amir Bandar, ended with Mohammed killing Bandar. Mohammed then continued his journey to Hail and announced himself as the new amir. In order to prevent the possibility of revenge, Mohammed gave orders for the execution of all of Bandar's brothers, the sons of Talal. Only one of Talal's sons, Naif, survived. In spite of the inauspicious beginning, his rule turned out to be the longest in the history of the Rashidi dynasty. His rule became "a period of stability, expansion and prosperity". (ref.: p.61, Al Rasheed). His expansion reached Al Jauf and Palmyra to the north, and Teima and Kheibar to the west. In 1891, after a rebellion, Abd al-Rahman bin Faysal bin Turki Al Saud left Riyadh. The Saud family, including the ten year old Ibn Saud, went into exile in Kuwait.
6. Abdul Aziz Ibn Mithab (1897–1906). A son of the third amir, he was adopted by his uncle Mohammed, the fifth amir, and brought up to be his heir. After Mohammed died of natural causes, Abdul Aziz succeeded him unopposed. However, the Rashidi rule was insecure, as their Ottoman allies were unpopular and weakening. In 1904 the young ibn Saud, the future founder of Saudi Arabia, returned from exile with a small force and retook Riyadh. Abdul Aziz died in the battle of Rawdat Muhanna with Ibn Saud in 1906.
7. Mithab Ibn Abdul Aziz (1906–07). Succeeded his father as amir. However, he was not able to win support of the whole family, and within a year he was killed by Sultan Ibn Hamud.
8. Sultan Ibn Hamud (1907–08). A grandson of Obeid (the brother of the first amir), he was criticized because he ignored the ahd (covenant) between his grandfather and the first amir. He was unsuccessful in fighting Ibn Saud, and was killed by his own brothers.
9. Saud Ibn Hamud (1908–10). Another grandson of Obeid. Was killed by the maternal relatives of Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz, the 10th amir.
10. Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz (1910–20). A boy of 10 when he was made amir, his maternal relatives of the Sibhan family ruled as wazirs during the first years of his rule. In 1920 he was assassinated by his cousin, Abdullah Ibn Talal (a brother of the 12th amir). One of his widows, Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim of the Abde section of the Shammar tribe became Ibn Saud's eighth wife and the mother of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.
11. Abdullah Ibn Mitab (1920–21). A son of the 7th amir, he surrendered to Ibn Saud.
12. Mohammad Ibn Talal (1921). A grandson of Naif, the only surviving son of Talal, the 2nd Amir. Surrendered to Ibn Saud. One of the daughters of Mohammad Ibn Talal, Watfa, married Prince Musad, the fifteenth son of Ibn Saud. Prince Musad and Watfa became the parents of Prince Faisal bin Musad, the assassin of King Faisal.

There has been a tendency to attribute the development of the House (Beit) of Al Rashid to trading and commercial expansion, but recently documents have come to light which emphasise the significance of external pressures and the Rashidis interaction with foreign governments and leaders.[1]

[edit] References

Many foreign travellers visited the Rashidi amirs at Ha'il and described their impressions in journals and books, including:

• Georg Wallin (1854): Narrative of a journey from Cairo to Medina and Mecca, by Suez, Araba, Tawila, al-Jauf, Jublae, Hail and Negd in 1845, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol 24: 115-201. (Reprinted in Travels in Arabia, New York: Oleander Press, 1979.)
• William Gifford Palgrave (1865): Personal Narrative of a Year´s Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862-1863), 2 vols (London: Macmillan & Co). (Reprinted many times, last(?) in 1985.)
• Lady Anne Blunt (1881): A Pilgrimage to Nejd, The Cradle of the Arab Race: an Visit to the Court of the Arab Emir and `our Persian Campaign` (reprinted 1968)
• Charles Montagu Doughty (1888): Travels in Arabia Deserta. (Reprinted many times)
• Gertrude Bell (1907): The Desert and the Sown (republished 1987)
• Freeth, Zahra, and Winstone, H.V.F.: Explorers of Arabia from the Renaissance to the End of the Victorian Era Allen & Unwin, London, 1978
• D. G. Hogarth (1905): The Penetration of Arabia: a Record of Western Knowledge Concerning the Arabian Peninsula.
• Madawi Al Rasheed: Politics in an Arabian oasis. The Rashidi Tribal Dynasty. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, London & New York 1991 (based on a Ph.D. thesis presented to Cambridge University, 1988). ISBN 1-85043-320-8

[edit] External links

• Al Rashid on hukam.net, with pictures and flags. (Arabic)