Ralph Ginzburg
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Ralph Ginzburg (October 28, 1929 – July 6, 2006) was an American author, editor, publisher and photo-journalist. He was best known for publishing books and magazines on erotica and art and for his conviction in 1963 for violating federal obscenity laws.
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[edit] Biography
Ginzburg studied journalism at the City College of New York, was editor-in-chief of its downtown campus newspaper, and on graduation in 1949 became a copyboy and cub reporter at the New York Daily Compass. Two years later he was drafted into the Army during the Korean War and assigned to Fort Myer, where he edited the post newspaper. While still in the Army, he worked at night as a copy editor for the Washington D.C. Times-Herald[1].
Upon discharge from the Army he shifted into broadcasting and magazines, working for Esquire magazine, NBC, Reader's Digest, Collier's, LOOK and, as he put it, "other pillars of communications industry respectability". He finally saved enough money to rent his own office — a fifth floor walkup in an old Manhattan office building.
His first publication was An Unhurried View of Erotica (New York: Helmsman Press, 1958). This rather scholarly-seeming book explored an ostensible undercurrent of pornography that runs throughout English literature. Beginning with a manuscript given by Leofric, Bishop of Exeter[2], to his cathedral in 1070 through the outright pornographic work of the 1950s, An Unhurried View examines examples of English erotic literature in an interpretive and explanatory context. The end of the book includes a bibliography of 100 titles. He convinced the notable psychoanalyst Theodor Reik to write the introduction.
In 1962, Ginzburg managed to conduct an extensive interview of 17-year-old Bobby Fischer, in what was to be practically the last formal interview Fischer ever gave. He sold the interview to Harper's Magazine, which published it in January, 1962, entitled "Portrait of a Genius As a Young Chess Master"[3]. The interview of the reclusive chess genius continues to have popularity.
Ginzberg has been a vocal opponent of the practice of circumcision [1].
Ginzburg has dozens of books and other publications to his credit. His last book is I Shot New York, about photojournalism.
Ginzburg passed away on 6 July 2006, at the age of 76, from multiple myeloma. [2]
[edit] EROS
In 1962, Ginzburg began publication of his first major work, Eros, which was a quarterly hardbound periodical containing articles and photo-essays on love and sex. Herb Lubalin was the art director and second on the masthead Only four issues of Eros were published, largely because Ginzburg was indicted under federal obscenity laws for the fourth issue.
The publication was bound in cardboard in a 13" x 10" format, averaging about 90 pages in length.
[edit] No. 1
[edit] No. 2 (Summer, 1962)
The cover of No. 2 pictured a young couple in swimsuits, kissing passionately; it was printed in two colors, black and greenish-yellow, with a red-orange logo. The inside covers repeated the theme in red (front) and blue (back).
The first eight pages are given over to a photo-essay on the female reaction to John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was a notorious adulterer, and no doubt Ginzburg wanted to extract his pound of flesh for his prosecution by the Kennedy administration.[citation needed]
[edit] Ginzburg's prosecution for obscenity
Egged on by a smut-hunting Catholic priest, Morton Hill, U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy had Ginzburg indicted for distributing obscene literature through the mails, in violation of federal anti-obscenity laws. The indictment, although full of counts, really comprised three allegations of obscentiy: First, publication of Volume I, No. 1, of Eros; second, publication of his newsletter Liaison; and third, that although The Housewife's Handbook on Selective Promiscuity, published by Ginzburg, was not itself obscene because of its inherent artistic value, Ginzburg has mailed advertisements for the book which accentuated the erotic content of the book in such as way as to appeal to "prurient interests". The advertising emphasized their sexual imagery, and included a guarantee of a full refund "if the book fails to reach you because of U.S. Post Office censorship interference."
The following were the portions of the advertisements that the district court found to "pander to prurient interests":
- "Eros is a child of its times. . . . [It] is the result of recent court decisions that have realistically interpreted America's obscenity laws and that have given to this country a new breadth of freedom of expression. . . . EROS takes full advantage of this new freedom of expression. It is the magazine of sexual candor."
- "EROS is a new quarterly devoted to the subjects of Love and Sex. In the few short weeks since its birth, EROS has established itself as the rave of the American intellectual community - and the rage of prudes everywhere! And it's no wonder: EROS handles the subjects of Love and Sex with complete candor. The publication of this magazine - which is frankly and avowedly concerned with erotica - has been enabled by recent court decisions ruling that a literary piece or painting, though explicitly sexual in content, has a right to be published if it is a genuine work of art. EROS is a genuine work of art. . . ."
- The outer envelopes of the Liaison flyers asked, "Are you among the chosen few?"
- The first line of the Liaison advertisement: "Are you a member of the sexual elite?" . . . "That is, are you among the few happy and enlightened individuals who believe that a man and woman can make love without feeling pangs of conscience? Can you read about love and sex and discuss them without blushing and stammering? If so, you ought to know about an important new periodical called Liaison. . . ."
- "In short, Liaison is Cupid's Chronicle. . . . Though Liaison handles the subjects of love and sex with complete candor, I wish to make it clear that it is not a scandal sheet and it is not written for the man in the street. Liaison is aimed at intelligent, educated adults who can accept love and sex as part of life. . . I'll venture to say that after you've read your first bi-weekly issue, Liaison will be your most eagerly awaited piece of mail."
- The defendants sought mailing privileges from the postmasters of Intercourse and Blue Ball, Pennsylvania, before settling upon Middlesex, New Jersey, as a mailing point.
- Inserted in each book advertisement was a slip labeled "GUARANTEE" and reading, "Documentary Books, Inc. unconditionally guarantees full refund of the price of THE HOUSEWIFE'S HANDBOOK ON SELECTIVE PROMISCUITY if the book fails to reach you because of U.S. Post Office censorship interference."
It was this last act which was most important to the legal community, because it established new law: although neither the book nor the advertising mailer were themselves obscene, the advertisement attempted to sell the book by characterising it as obscene, which violated the federal law (and was permissible under the First Amendment). Writing for a 5-4 majority, Justice Brennan held that in a close case, evidence that a defendant deliberately represented the materials in question as appealing to customers' erotic interest could support a finding that the materials are obscene. He wrote: "Where the purveyor's sole emphasis is on the sexually provocative aspects of his publications, that fact may be decisive in the determination of obscenity" even if the publications examined out of context might not be deemed obscene. Ginzburg was sentenced to five years in prison but ultimately served only eight months.
The case was clearly a troubling one for the Supreme Court. Even the prosecutors feared that all three publications had enough intrinsic artistic and social value to pass the Roth test, which was at that time the standard by which the Court decided criminal obscenity cases.
After a brief trial in June, 1963, Ginzburg was convicted in Philadelphia by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the conviction in 1964, and two years later the U.S. Supreme Court announced its decision, also affirming the conviction, in Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (March 21, 1966). The same day, the Court announced its decision in Memoirs v. Massachusetts (commonly known as the "Fanny Hill case" after the public nickname for the book (and the name of the primary character). This was the case that declared that the First Amendment would not allow a work to be banned unless it was "utterly without redeeming social value". Many commentators have been troubled by Ginzburg's conviction for three works plainly more "socially valuable" than the trashy Fanny Hill.
Immediately after the Supreme Court decision was announced, the public and mainstream press were heavily supportive of the decision. One person who had no problem supporting Ginzburg was Allen Ginsberg, who traveled to Washington and picketed the Supreme Court building.
Ginzburg's conviction became a cause célèbre among the American left. Novelist Sloan Wilson, who didn't know Ginzburg, raised funds for full-page newspaper protest ads. Vocal supporters included Melvin Belli, James Jones, the ACLU's Mel Wulf, Nat Hentoff, Ashley Montagu, Yale Law Professors Alexander Bickel and Tom Emerson, Arthur Miller, Clay Felker, Louis Untermeyer, I.F. Stone, Barney Rossett, and Ken McCormick, among others.
[edit] fact: (magazine)
From January, 1964, to August, 1967, Ginzburg published a quarterly magazine named fact:, which could be characterized as a humorous, scathingly satiric journal of comment on current society and politics. fact: had surprisingly little erotic content. Rather, it contained articles such as 139 Psychiatrists Say Barry Goldwater is Unfit for the Presidency.
One of the editors of fact: was Robert Anton Wilson, a prolific science fiction author whose works includ the Illuminatus! series.
[edit] Avant Garde
From January, 1968, through July, 1971, Ginzburg published Avant Garde, which like Eros was a handsome hardbound periodical. Ginzburg's age and federal conviction had calmed him down some by this time: Avant Garde could not be termed obscene, but it is filled with creative imagery often caustically critical of American society and governement, sexual themes, and (for the time) crude language. One cover [4] featured a naked pregnant woman; another had a parody of Willard's famous patriotic painting, "The Spirit of '76", with a woman and a black man [5]
Avant Garde had a modest circulation but was extremely popular in certain circles, including New York’s advertising and editorial art directors.[6] Herbert F. Lubalin (1918–1981), a post-modern design guru, was Ginzburg's collaborator on his four best-known magazines, including Avant Garde which gave birth to a well-known typeface of the same name. It was originally intended primarily for use in logos: the first version consisted solely of 26 capital letters. It was inspired by Ginzburg and his wife, designed by Lubalin, and realized by Lubalin's assistants and Tom Carnese, one of Lubalin's partners. It is characterized by geometrically perfect round strokes; short, straight lines; and an extremely large number of ligatures and negative kerning. The International Typefont Corporation(ITC) (of which Lubalin was a founder) released a full version in 1970.
[edit] List of publications
[edit] Books
- An Unhurried View of Erotica by Ralph Ginzburg; introduction by Theodor Reik; preface by George Jean Nathan (New York: Helmsman Press, 1958)
- 100 Years of Lynchings edited by Ralph Ginzburg (New York: Lancer Books, 1962; Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1988, cancelled ISBN 0-933121-18-0
- The Housewife's Handbook on Selective Promiscuity by Rey Anthony (real name Maxine Sanini), published by Ralph Ginzberg (New York Documentary Books, 1962. This book has no ISBN because it was banned by order of the court; this order has never been lifted).
- Eros on Trial: "A Portfolio of The Most Beautiful Art From Eros" by Ralph Ginzburg (New York: Book Division of Fact Magazine, 1966)
- The Best of Fact edited by Ralph Ginzburg and Warren Boroson (New York: Trident Press, 1967)
- Castrated: My Eight Months in Prison (New York: Avant-Garde Books, 1973, ISBN 0-913568-00-7)
- I Shot New York, photographs by Ralph Ginzburg; foreword by George Plimpton; captions by Shoshana Ginzburg (New York: Harry Abrams, 1999, ISBN 0-8109-6367-1)
[edit] Magazines
- Eros published by __ , New York, NY (Vol. I, Nos. 1-4, 1962)
- Moneysworth published by __
- Fact published by __, (Vol. I-IV, Jan. 1964 to Aug. 1967)
- Avant Garde published by
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ One of the photographers for the paper at that time was young Jacqueline Bouvier.
- ^ The Exeter Book, a codex of Anglo-Saxon poems and one of the most important existing examples of Anglo-Saxon literature, was donated to the library by Leofric. It would have been valuable, as it was about 100 years old at the time. Although accurate translation of the work is currently impossible, the poem Wulf and Eadwacer certainly references a woman's physical desire for her absent lover. A fair attempt at a translation to modern English can be found at http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/research/rawl/wulf/e_trans.htm
- ^ http://www.bobby-fischer.net/Bobby_Fischer_Articles4.html
- ^ #6, January 1969,"In Full Bloom" (photograph)er by Dewayne Dalrymple
- ^ #7, March 1969,"The Spirit of 1976" (photograph) by Carl Fischer.
- ^ AIGA, August 4, 2004, "Crimes Against Typography" by Steven Heller http://journal.aiga.org/content.cfm?ContentAlias=_getfullarticle&aid=537383
[edit] External links
- Eros Unbound by Ginzburg.
- [3] Ginzburg vs. United States, 383 US 463 (1978)
- [4] Ginzburg's interview with Bobby Fischer, January 1962.
- [5] Decision denying second-class mailing privileges for Eros
- [6]
"Publisher Ralph Ginzburg dies" (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 6, 2006)
