Rainulf Drengot

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Rainulf Drengot (also Ranulph, Ranulf, or Rannulf) was a Norman adventurer and the first count of Aversa (1030–1045).

When one of Rainulf's numerous brothers, Osmond, was exiled by Richard I of Normandy for the murder of one of his kin, Rainulf accompanied him and his brothers, Gilbert Buatère, Asclettin (later count of Acerenza), and Raulf, with a band of 250 warriors, formed of other exiles, landless cadets and similar adventurers, on an adverture and pilgrimage to the shrine of the soldier-archangel, Michael, at Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano in the Byzantine Catapanate of Italy.

They arrived in the Mezzogiorno in 1017 and established a stronghold at Monte Gargano in Apulia, where they joined the forces of the Lombard Melus of Bari, who had been profiting by the conditions of virtual anarchy to rebel against his Byzantine overlords but was currently on the run. After a successful encounter with forces of the Byzantine catapan, the first major engagement, fought at Canne della Battaglia, an ancient Apulian villa, was a disaster for the Normans, whose numbers were decimated and leader (Rainulf's brother Gilbert) was killed. Rainulf, who now came to the fore as the undisputed leader and the remains of the warband withdrew from Apulia to Campania, where, according to Amatus of Montecassino, they found themselves friendless and surrounded by enemies, but were able to take advantage of dissension among the undisciplined Lombard lords.

They took to protecting, at a price, bands of pilgrims headed for the shrine of St Michael at Monte Gargano, from the depredations of other marauders. Rainulf served first the Lombard Pandulf IV of Capua. "Under his protection," Amatus reports ^[1] "they hastened to plunder the neighboring places and to harass his enemies. But since human thoughts are inclined to greed and money always triumphs in the end, from time to time they abandoned him... They sold their services as they could, according to circumstances, offering most to him who gave most." Soon the balance of power in Lombard Campania lay in Norman hands: "For the Normans never desired any of the Lombards to win a decisive victory, in case this should be to their disadvantage. But now supporting the one and then aiding the other, they prevented anyone being completely ruined." ^[2]

Norman reinforcements and local miscreants, who found a welcome in Rainulf's encampment with no questions asked, swelled the numbers at Rainulf's command. There Norman language and Norman customs welded a disparate group into the semblance of a nation, as Amatus observed.

Rainulf's allegiance switched to Sergius IV of Naples; with some proven successes, in 1030, Duke Sergius gave him the former Byzantine stronghold of Aversa north of Naples, with the title of count and his sister in marriage. In 1034, this first wife died, thus dissolving his bonds, and Rainulf married the niece of Sergius' inveterate enemy, Pandulf IV of Capua; she was the daughter of the duke of Amalfi. He expanded his territory at the expense of the abbey of Montecassino. His title to Aversa was recognised in 1037 by Emperor Conrad II. After vanquishing the Byzantines in battle in 1038, he declared himself prince, formalizing his independence from Naples and from his former Lombard allies. He conquered his neighbour Pandulf's principality, and Conrad approved the union of the two domains, which formed the largest polity in southern Italy. In 1039, he was at the side of Guaimar IV of Salerno and the emperor Conrad. In 1042, after the victory of his Norman ally Wiliam of Hauteville, called "Bras-de-Fer", he received, from the erstwhile Byzantine territories, suzerainty over Siponte and Monte Gargano. He died in June 1045 and was succeeded by his nephew, Asclettin, son of Asclettin of Acerenza.