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[edit] Exile at the Wartburg Castle
Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, on the other hand, did not want Luther apprehended. Careful to avoid openly protecting him, he had Luther intercepted on his way home and escorted to the lofty security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach, where he grew a beard and lived for nearly eleven months under the alias Junker Jörg (“Knight George”), dressing in the clothes of a gentleman. [1]
During his stay at the Wartburg—"my Patmos",[2] as he called it—Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings, including in October a renewed attack on Archbishop Albert of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates. [3] and a "Refutation of the argument of Latomus", addressed to a theologian from Louvain, in which he expounded the principle of justification.[4] In a letter to Melanchthon of 1 August 1521, he wrote:
… let your sins be strong, but let your trust in Christ be stronger, and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world. We will commit sins while we are here, for this life is not a place where justice resides.[5]
Luther now attacked not only individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages, but in his On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, of summer 1521, and in "(judgement on?) on Monastic Vows”, doctrines that lay at the heart of Church practices. But he didn’t dismiss the value of good works; in the introduction to his New Testament, he explained that good works spring from faith [(improve) and not the other way around.]
In Wittenberg, Andreas Karlstadt, later supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, initiated a programme of radical reform which went further than anything envisaged by Luther and led to disturbances: for example, Augustinian monks rebelled against their prior, statues and images in churches were smashed, and the magistracy was challenged. After a secret visit to Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion; but the situation was further destabilised after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called Zwickau prophets, arrived in Wittenberg preaching the equality of man, adult baptism, Christ’s imminent return, and other revolutionary doctrines. [3]
[edit] Return to Wittenberg.
“During my absence,” Luther wrote to the Elector, “Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I can not repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word”. [3]
At the beginning of March he returned permanently to Wittenberg, where his first action was to rouse the citizens to their senses with a series of sermons, known as the Invocavit sermons, in which he hammered home the priority of core Christian values such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to rely on God's word rather than violence to bring about change.
Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell, and says with malignant looks and frightful grin: "Ah, how wise these madmen are to play my game! Let them go on; I shall reap the benefit. I delight in it." But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field, then he shudders and shakes for fear.[3]
Luther's intervention in Wittenberg turned the tide of anarchy instantly. Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector after the sixth sermon: "Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin’s return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth".[3]
Luther set about reversing or watering down many of the newly introduced church practices and worked with the authorities to restore public order, measures which signalled his emergence as a conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets, who abused him as a new pope, he now faced two battles, one against the corrupt and distorted practices of the established Church, the other against fanatics on his own side who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest.[3] check this covers it)
[edit] The Peasants' War
Despite his successes in Wittenberg, Luther was unable to stem radicalism further afield. Preachers like Thomas Munzer, whose battle cry was "let not your sword grow cold from blood", and Zwickau prophet (find ref) Nicholas Storch eventually helped instigate the Peasants' War of 1524-5, during which many atrocities were committed, often in Luther's name. Luther expressed sympathy for the peasants’ grievances as set out in the Twelve Articles (May 1525), but he reminded them to obey the temporal authorities and was enraged at the widespread burning of convents, bishops’ palaces, and libraries. In Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525) he vehemently castigated the use of violence as the devil’s work and called for the rebels to be put down like mad dogs,
Whosoever can, should smite, strangle, and stab, secretly or publicly, and should remember that there is nothing more poisonous, pernicious, and devilish than a rebellious man." [1]
Many rebels their weapons once they realized they lacked Luther's authority for the uprising; others felt betrayed. The defeat of the remaining rebels by the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen on 25 May 1525, followed by the execution of Munzer, brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close. From then on radicalism found a home in the anabaptist movement, while Luther's Reformation formed a new church under the protection of the secular powers.
[edit] Marriage
On the evening of Tuesday, June 13, 1525 Luther married Katharina von Bora, one of a group of nuns he had helped to escape from the Nimbschen convent two years earlier in herring barrels. (ref needed): "Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far other thoughts,” he wrote to his friend Link, “the Lord has, plunged me into marriage." [6] Katharina was twenty-six years old, Luther forty-two.
Some priests and former monks had already married, including Karlstadt and Jonas, but when Luther did so, he placed the seal of approval on clerical marriage. He had long condemned vows of celibacy, which he called quoting Paul (clumsy) (look up) the devil’s work(rep), but his marriage surprised many, not least Melanchthon, who called it reckless.[7] [8](helpmate point ref needed) In truth, Luther, may merely have tired of his solitude. In another letter, Melanchthon reveals that Luther lived on the plainest food, and that his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time.[6]
Luther and Katharina moved into "The Black Cloister", [what was it called?"and what about the other bit of land?] a wedding present from the new elector John Frederick.. The marriage appears to have been a happy one. and
On 11 August 1526, Luther wrote to Stiefel: "Catharina, my dear rib . . . is, thanks to God, gentle, obedient, compliant in all things, beyond my hopes. I would not exchange my poverty for the wealth of Croesus." [6] However, marriage did not soften his temper as Erasmus noted, and Luther was soon embroiled in more . . .(ref) (lead into the further disputes set up).
Between bearing six children, Katharina, whose judgement Luther respected, earned the couple a living by taking in students as boarders and farming the land. [9]
[edit] Children
Place at bottom: The Luthers had three boys and three girls:
- Hans, born June 7, 1526, studied law, became a court official, and died in 1575.
- Elizabeth, born December 10, 1527, died on August 3, 1528.
- Magdalena, born May 5, 1529, died in her father's arms September 20, 1542. Her death was particularly hard to bear for Luther and his wife.
- Martin, Jr., born November 9, 1531, studied theology but never had a regular pastoral call before his death in 1565.
- Paul, born January 28, 1533, became a physician. He fathered six children before his death on March 8, 1593 and the male line of the Luther family continued through him to John Ernest, ending in 1759.
- Margaretha, born December 17, 1534, married George von Kunheim of the noble, wealthy Prussian family, but died in 1570 at the age of 36. Her descendants have continued to the present time.
Henry VIII He also charged him with violating a nun consecrated to God, and leading other monks into a breach of their vows and into eternal perdition. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.iv.xi.html § 70
could feed that into the section on marriage to Kath
In the beginning of November, 1521, thirty of the forty monks left the Augustinian convent of Wittenberg in a rather disorderly manner(http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.iv.vii.html § 66..) undermined civic order
The causes of the revolts and the Peasants' War (1524–25), as it became called, were complex, but Luther's teachings, as filtered through the radical preaching was often used as a rallying call. Men such as Storch and Muntzer preached the equality of man, they assumed their cause had divine support (see Columbioa page fdor precise details).temporal rule by the spiritually elect (in a theocracy). The rebels, who came not just from the peasantry but from all disaffected elements in society believed that Luther's attack on the Church hierarchy meant support for an attack on the social hierarchy as well. return to biblical values in an atmosphere of turbulence in which monasteries were being?"priests marrying/church rights changing. (check build up to). Church nor from Luther.
reminded them to obey the ruling powers, quoting (Rom. 13:1 since inequality was a natural part of the worldly kingdom.[10] and warned them against violence , quoting Matthew. 26:52 : "They that take the sword shall perish with the sword".
[edit] to other artics
Luther had once for all committed himself against every kind of revolution, and in favor of passive obedience to the civil rulers who gladly accepted it, and appealed again and again to Rom. 13:1, as the popes to Matt. 16:18, as if they contained the whole Scripture-teaching on obedience to authority. Melanchthon and Bucer fully agreed with Luther on this point; and the Lutheran Church has ever since been strictly conservative in politics, and indifferent to the progress of civil liberty.
"I am on my way to Wittenberg," Luther wrote to Frederick the Wise, "under a far higher protection than that of the Elector; and I have no intention of asking your Grace’s support" . a different letter to the Elector than the one below but the same Schaff ref (end section with this)[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.iv.viii.html History of the Christian Church, Volume VII 67</ref>
she moved into her husband's home, the former Augustinian monastery in Wittenberg (check here details about keeping animals and hosting students and priests who came to learn at Luther’s feet) [11]
[edit] Notes and References
- ^ Schaff-Herzog, "Luther, Martin," 72.
- ^ Martin Luther, "Letter 82," in Luther's Works, Vol. 48: Letters I, ed. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald and Helmut T. Lehmann, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1999, c1963, 48:246. John, author of Revelation, had been exiled on the island of Patmos.
- ^ a b c d e f Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV.
- ^ Luther, Martin, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ^ Martin Luther, "Let Your Sins Be Strong", a Letter From Luther to Melanchthon, August 1521, Project Wittenberg, retrieved 1 October 2006.
- ^ a b c Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch V.
- ^ 579579 The letter was published in the original Greek by W. Meyer, in the reports of the München Academy of Sciences, Nov. 4, 1876, pp. 601-604. in a Greek letter to his friend Camerarius The text is changed in the Corp. Reform ., I. 753. Mel. calls Luther a very reckless man ( ἀνὴρ ὡς μάλιστα εὐχερής ), but hopes that he will become more solemn ( σεμνότερος ).(proper ref needed)
- ^ On 30 November 1524, Luther had written to Spalatin, “I shall never take a wife, as I feel at present. Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex (for I am neither wood nor stone); but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic."(make this a proper ref by sourcing it)
- ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Martin_Luther
- ^ Martin Luther Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ from 1911 encyc<?"ref> This enabled Luther to purchase from his wife's brother the small estate of Zulsdorf. the former Augustinian monastery in Wittenberg, which the reform-minded John Frederick, Elector of Saxony (son of Luther's protector, Frederick III, Elector of Saxony) gave to the Luthers as a wedding gift.Catherine, too, was an excellent house-wife. His enemies circulated a slander about a previous breach of the vow of chastity, and predicted that, according to a popular tradition, the ex-monk and ex-nun would give birth to Antichrist. (when did they come to live in the monastery? Henry VIII He also charged him with violating a nun consecrated to God, and leading other monks into a breach of their vows and into eternal perdition. <ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.iv.xi.html 70</li></ol></ref>
