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This is Qp10qp's second sandbox for notes and editing.

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Contents 1 Notes 1.1 Dates containing a month and a day 1.2 Date formats related to topics 1.3 Incorrect date formats 2 Guardian 3 Chicago MOS 4 Garner 5 Burchfield 6 Harvard quoting 7 Charles IV 8 Life 9 The Golden Bull of 1356 10 Marriages 11 Family and children 12 In memoriam 13 Intro 14 The Bohemian throne and house of Luxembourg 15 Building Programme 16 Influence of France 17 Astute? 18 The Golden Bull of 1356.

[edit] Notes

I sometimes use this page as a sandbox. Anything written or copied below is temporary and probably gibberish.

[edit] Dates containing a month and a day

If a date includes both a month and a day, then the date should normally be linked to allow readers' date preferences to work, displaying the reader's chosen format. The day and the month should be linked together, and the year should be linked separately if present. For example:

• Month and da**[[February 17]] → February 17
  • [[17 February]] → 17 February

• Day, month, and year
  • [[February 17]], [[1958]] → February 17, 1958
  • [[17 February]] [[1958]] → 17 February 1958
  • [[1958]]-[[02-17]] : 1958-02-17
  • [[1958-02-17]]: 1958-02-17

[edit] Date formats related to topics

For topics concerning the UK, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, most member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, and most international organizations such as the United Nations, the formatting is usually [[17 February]] [[1958]] (no comma and no "th"). In the United States and Canada, it is [[February 17]], [[1958]]. Elsewhere, either format is acceptable.

[edit] Incorrect date formats

• Use consistent date formatting throughout an article, unless there's a good reason to vary it.

• Do not use ordinal suffixes:
  • Incorrect: "February 14th" and "14th February"
  • Correct: "February 14" and "14 February"

• Do not use articles:
  • Incorrect: "the 14th of February"
  • Correct: "February 14" and "14 February"

• Do not put a comma or the word "of" between a month and year:
  • Incorrect: "December, 1945" and "December of 1945"
  • Correct: "December 1945"

[edit] Guardian

January 1 2000 (no commas)

It is occasionally alleged that putting month before date in this way is an "Americanisation"; in which case it should be pointed out that this has been our style since the first issue of the Manchester Guardian on May 5 1821.

[edit] Chicago MOS

10 May 1992 or May 10,1992

In the date style preferred by the Chicago University Press, no commas are used to mark off the year:

On 6 October 1924 Longo arrived in Bologna.

( The "the" and "th" are understood, and so the usage hasn't the abruptness it appears to have.)

The meetings were held in April 1967

In the alternative style, however, commas must be used before and after the year:

On October 6, 1924, Longo arrived in Bologna.

The press will accept this style if it is used consistently:

The events of April 18, 1775, have long been celebrated.

When a period of time is identified by the month and year, no internal punctuation is appropriate or necessary.

The events of August 1945 were decisive to the outcome of the war.

13 May 1965–9 June 1966

BUT

from 1968 to 1962 (never from 1968–72)

between 1968 and 1979 (never between 1968–70)

fiscal year 1991–1992

[edit] Garner

One may unimpeachably write either May 26, 1994 or 26 May 1994. The latter—the primarily BRE method— is often better in prose, for it takes no commas.

Starting with month then day then year is not inherently logical.

[edit] Burchfield

OUP house style requires

25 June 1990

no comma between month and year. Many newspapers and Americans prefer it the other way round, even without a comma.

[edit] Harvard quoting

If you reference without quoting, include the bracket reference after the writer's name, if you use it:

Smith (2000) says that Lawrence died calling for blue gentians.

If you do the same without mentioning the author's name in the text, do it like this, before the full stop:

Lawrence died calling for blue gentians (Smith 2004).

A quote within the text, this time with page number included (which may be a good thing for particular rather than general references); the bracket reference goes straight after the quote but before the full stop (or before any continuation of the sentence):

According to one account, "Lawrence died calling for blue gentians" (Smith 2004:213).

If the quote is indented/block quoted, the reference goes after the last full stop, before the blockquote template. You don't use quotation marks for block quotes:

Bla bla bla...and Lawrence died calling for blue gentians.(Smith 2004)

The full reference is given at the bottom of the article in the references section. The order is: author's surname, initials, book title in italics, city, publisher, IBSN number. City, publisher, and IBSN are optional, but the more the better. The IBSN number is helpful in nailing the actual edition. The whole idea is that the readers should be able to find the source of the reference if they want to.

[edit] Charles IV

He also gained a considerable portion of Silesian territory, partly by inheritance through his third wife, Anna, daughter of Henry II., duke of Schweidnitz.

Charles IV article copied below.

Charles IV (14 May 1316–29 November 1378) of the House of Luxembourg was King of the Romans (Charles IV 1346–1378), Holy Roman Emperor (Charles IV 1355–1378), King of Bohemia (Charles I 1346–1378), Count of Luxembourg (1346–1353), and Margrave of Brandenburg (1373–1378). Born in Prague as Wenceslaus, he later chose Charles as his confirmation name.

[edit] Life

Charles assumed a role in the administration of his father's crown lands from 1333 due to the latter's frequent absences and became Margrave of Moravia in 1334. In 1346 he was elected King of the Romans after his ally and former tutor Pope Clement VI excommunicated Emperor Louis IV; and he succeeded his father, killed at the Battle of Crécy fighting with the French, as King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg in the same year. The death of Louis IV in 1347 and the defeat and death of rival king Günther von Schwarzburg in 1349 left Charles uncontested ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. He was crowned emperor in 1355.

Charles strengthened the empire by regulating its election system, establishing, and reinforcing the status of the elector princes. At the same time, in the tradition of his father and grandfather, his policies were consistently designed to extend the dynastic position of the house of Luxembourg. In these concerns, his reign marks a watershed in imperial history, between an essentially feudal system of loyalties and the age of independent, hereditary monarchies and secular states requiring no confirmation of rights by the papacy or by the empire itself.

In the family tradition, his father sent the young Wenceslaus to be educated in France, where he was taught by, among others . .Roger . ., the future Avignon Pope Clement VI. Inevitably Charles's own policies were always aligned with those of the French kings and popes. In 1335, King John had Charles's sister Bonne of Luxembourg married to the eldest son of Philip VI of France,( valois, then?) the future John II of France. As a result Charles was to become the maternal uncle of King Charles V of France, who solicited his relative's advice at Metz in 1356 during the Parisian Revolt. This family connection was celebrated publicly when Charles IV made a solemn visit to his nephew in 1378, just months before his death. A detailed account of the occasion, enriched by many splendid miniatures, can be found in Charles V's copy of the Grandes Chroniques de France.

and patron of the composer and poet Guillaume de Machaut — he died at Crécy in 1346 while fighting on the French side.

[edit] The Golden Bull of 1356

The key constitutional document of Charles's reign, and one which had a lasting influence on the history of the empire and its relations with the papacy and the German states, was the decree known from its seal as the Golden Bull of 1356.

In this document Charles codified the arrangements for electing the King of the Romans, in practice the emperor-in-waiting. The bull elaborated on the principles set down at The Declaration at Rhense of 16 July 1338 which established that the King of the Romans could be elected by a majority of the seven electors, with no constitutional requirement for papal confirmation. The number of electors had been fixed at seven since 1273, but it was not always clear which seven princes were the electors. The Golden Bull named the seven electors in perpetuity as: — the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, the Margrave of Brandenburg, and the archbishops of Cologne, Trier, and Mainzthe. To bolster their position for the future, the princes were granted many territorial and fiscal rights in perpetuity.

Although building on traditions and promoting stability, the decree transparently perpetuated the self-interest of the electors, in particular that of the King of Bohemia, not traditionally a German monarch, who was explicitly made the senior electorthe king of Bohemia, who, rightly and duly, on account of the prestige of his royal dignity, has the first place among the lay electors. . As a result, the bull inevitably produced opposition from those German magnates not granted such rights as well as from the cities, which were exluded from some of the financial rights accorded to the electors. [mess up the following] For instance, electors were granted a monopoly over all mines of gold, silver, and other metals within their territories, to tax Jews, to collect tolls, and to mint money; these powers belonged to the Emperor in the other territories, and princes who encroached on them could be deprived of their status. The electors became the most powerful princes in the empire. Electors also enjoyed several judicial powers within their territories. Their subjects could be not be tried in the imperial courts, and appeal from their courts lay only in cases where denial of justice was claimed. The granting in essence of soverignty rights in perpetuity laed to a movement by those princes without elector rights to strive for euivalent soverigty and territotrial rights in theior own lands. Self interest element not just for hiom but foir the electors?The territories of the lay electors were declared indivisible and heritable only by the eldest son.as electoral principalities were made indivisible and succession was strictly by primogeniture, unlike other German principalities. (who became jealous)

An example of princely reaction came from archdukie of austria

Electors could vote for themselves

exclusion of the popepossible theory that the golden bull by giving extensive authoriuty to the bishops while increasing biohemian influendce with palatine and brandenburg ofver the othe rrelectors ensured control and non interference of the papacy)The question of papal confirmation of elections was ignored

If the throne fell vacant, the Duke of Saxony would be regent in the north and Count Palatine in the south. This rejected the papal claim to regentship during such vacancies.6. Concerning the comparison of prince electors with other, ordinary princes.

We decree that, in holding an imperial court, whenever in future one shall chance to be held, the aforesaid prince electors, ecclesiastical and secular, shall immutably hold their positions on the right and on the left-according to the prescribed order and manner. And no other prince of whatever standing, dignity, pre-eminence or condition be may be, shall in any way be preferred to them or anyone of them, in any acts relating to that court; in going there, while sitting or while standing. And it is distinctly declared that especially the king of Bohemia shall, in the holding of such courts, in each and every place and act aforesaid, immutably precede any other king, with whatsoever special prerogative of dignity he may be adorned, no matter what the occasion or cause for which he may happen to come or to be present.

the rest of the princes were envious and strove thenceforth to acquire an equally large measure of territorial sovereignty.(see legacy) Rudolf IV of Austria ordered his chancery to fabricate a series of imperial charters, including two from Julius Caesar and Nero, as evidence of his virtual independence of the empire. Charles IV submitted them for examination to the Italian humanist Petrarch, who declared the charters spurious. Rudolf took up arms and was bought off by the recognition of his claim to Tirol in 1364. (he was a hapsburg, also did Charles give extra powers to the palatinate to negate this side, and did the wittlesbachs run brandenburg0 they did till he won the inheritance off them

in brandenburg had grasped the test of Charles's broking came when Charles arranged with the intense diplomacy and gifts cooperation ofn the electors in 1376 for the election of his son Wenceslaus (Wenzel) as king (of the romans?) The election of an emperor's son as king of the Romans during the father's lifetime had not occurred since 1237 in order to prevent dynastic control of the office. Pope Gregory XI also check other popes had previously announced that the election would be invalid without papal confirmation. Charles, in concert with the electors, speeded the election and subsequent coronation of his son and then submitted an antedated request for confirmation to the pope, who countered these devious tactics by delaying confirmation; it was still under consideration at Gregory's death in 1378. The decline of the papacy during the Great Schism (Western Schism; 1378–1417) precluded the vigorous assertion of its right of confirmation, which became a mere formality and was subsequently tacitly abandoned. note started same year as Chaerles died, so could make a good sentence

The Golden Bull was oppressive to the lesser nobility as well as to the cities. The princes who were not electors were now only of secondary rank, and it was probably at this time that one of them, Rudolf IVth, Duke of Austria, took the opportunity of forging privileges to raise his sinking prestige (see above, No. VII.). The regulations concerning Pfalburgers and confederations were a severe blow to civic pride-however expedient they may have been,-and the cities were driven into permanent opposition to the crown. Thus the Golden Bull served to further a process of disintegration which was to lead almost to anarchy and to deaden all feeling of loyalty for the empire.

These last two [points bySource: Henderson, Ernest F. Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages London : George Bell and Sons, 1896.

which is where the document is Avalon Project

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/golden.htm

The historian Lord Bryce wrote that this document "codified anarchy and called it a constitution

[edit] Marriages

(Follow through from dynastic approach) Charles married four times in his life. He entered into politically motivated weddings with a view to making territorial gains or consolidating his international standing. Because of his contribution to Czech statehood and his significance in Czech history, he has been given the soubriquet of Father of the Country.

n 1356 he issued the which codified the procedures for imperial elections, but had the disastrous effect of causing minor princes who were left out of the electoral process to lose allegiance to the empire. In 1373 he inherited the Margravate of Brandenburg.

Charles IV concentrated his energies chiefly on the economic and intellectual development of Bohemia, founding the Charles University of Prague in 1348 and encouraging the early humanists — he is known to have corresponded with Petrarch, whom he invited to visit his residence in Prague. Petrarch, however hoped (to no avail) to make Charles move his residence to Rome, to take up the tradition of the ancient Roman Empire. As he became fond of Prague, art and architecture flourished in his capital, owing to his activity as a builder and patron; construction of the Charles Bridge and of the Hradčany, completion of Saint Vitus Cathedral by Peter Parler are among the best examples. From the reign of Charles IV dates the first flowering of manuscript painting in Prague. I

The Emperor was literate and fluent in five languages - Latin, Czech, German, French and Italian.

[edit] Family and children

Charles married four times. His first wife was Blanche, 1316–1348), daughter of Charles, Count of Valois, a half-sister of Philip VI of France. They had two daughters,

• Margaret (1335 - 1349), who married Louis I of Hungary; and
• Katharina (1342 - 1395), who married Rudolf IV of Austria and Otto V, Duke of Bavaria, Elector of Brandenburg.

He secondly married Anne (Anna), (1329–1353), daughter of the Count Palatine Rudolph II and they had one son,

• Wenceslas, who died young.

His third wife was Anne of Swidnica, (1339–1362), daughter of Duke Henryk II of Schweidnitz and Katharina of Anjou, by whom he had two children,

• Wenceslaus (1361–1419), Charles's successor as Emperor and king of Bohemia, and
• Elisabeth (19 April 1358–4 September 1373), who married to Albert III of Austria.

His fourth wife was Elizabeth of Pomerania, 1345 or 1347–1393), daughter of Duke Bogislaw V of Hind Pomerania and Elisabeth of Poland. They had six children:

• Anne of Bohemia (1366–1394), who married Richard II of England
• Sigismund (1368–1437), emperor, king of Hungary and Bohemia and margrave of Brandenburg.
• John, Duke of Görlitz (1370–1396).
• Charles (13 March 1372–24 July 1373).
• Margaret (1373–1410), who married John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg.
• Heinrich (1377–1378).

[edit] In memoriam

In the present Czech Republic, he is still regarded as Father of the Country (otec vlasti, pater patriae), a title first coined by Vojtěch Raňkův of Ježov (Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio), a significant intellectual and the only Czech rector of the Sorbonne, at the emperor's funeral.

Preceded by Louis IV	King of Germany Also Holy Roman Emperor 1347–1378	Succeeded by Wenceslaus
Preceded by John of Luxembourg	King of Bohemia 1346–1378
Preceded by Otto V	Margrave of Brandenburg 1373–1378	Succeeded by Sigismund

Charles IV copied article has just ended.

[edit] Intro

Charles IV (May 14, 1316 – 29 November, 1378), of the House of Luxembourg, King of the Romans (as Charles (Karl) IV, 1368 – 1378), Holy Roman Emperor (Charles IV, 1355 – 1378), King of Bohemia (Charles (Karel) I 1346 – 1378), Count of Luxembourg (1346 – 1353), Margrave of Brandenburg (1373 – 1378). He was elected as a rival King of the Romans to Emperor Louis IV, succeeded his father John of Luxemburg as King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg in 1346 as his mother was [[Elizabeth (Eliška), heiress of Bohemia, of the Premyslid dynasty and was crowned as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1355. After 1349, Charles IV was uncontested ruler of the Holy Roman Empire till his death in 1378.

In 1342 Louis V married Margarete Maultasch to acquire Tyrol for the Wittelsbach, while she still was not divorced from her previous husband, a member of the House of Luxembourg. William of Ockham and Marsilius of Padua defended this first "civil marriage" in the Middle Ages. The Pope, however, excommunicated the couple and the scandal was known across Europe. (Marsilius and Ockham also supported Louis IV against the papacy, so they were biased in that direction. And if a Luxembourg member was jilted, that follows the Luxembouirg Wittelsbackh faultline)

When his father died in 1347 Louis succeeded him as duke of Bavaria together with his five brothers. The banned Louis could not apply for the German crown and negotiated with Edward III of England to compete against the new German king Charles IV. (This might have been engineered by the French pope so that Charles could take this German throne)

Finally Günther von Schwarzburg was elected as anti-king of the Wittelsbach party in 1349. Louis V successfully resisted the new emperor Charles IV even though the kingdom Günther von Schwarzburg failed. He managed to keep all possessions for the Wittelsbach dynasty until his death. (So at what stage did charles become antiemperor then emperor)

In alliance with Danmark and Pomerania Louis V drove back a revolt in 1348 - 1350 caused by the "False Waldemar", an impostor who claimed Brandenburg and got support from several cities and Charles IV. The civil war caused a huge devastation in Brandenburg. An attack of Charles IV against Tyrol was also successfully repulsed by Louis.

Louis released Brandenburg in december 1351 to his brothers Louis VI the Roman and Otto V the Bavarian in exchange for the sole rule of Upper Bavaria. Louis then combined the administration of Upper Bavaria and Tyrol.Louis v's successor Meinhard, died leaving to a brother of Louis Stephen quatrrelling with Louis VI and Otto over the succession. Stephen was the son in law of Charles IV.

With the Golden Bull of 1356 only the Palatinate branch (this branch had fought Louis IV until their rights were recognised after hsi death - and so they were natural allies of Charles IV)of the Wittelsbach and Louis VI the Roman as margrave of Brandenburg were invested with the electoral dignity, which caused a new conflict between Louis and Charles IV.

Louis VI also was challanged by the "False Waldemar", an impostor who claimed Brandenburg and got support from several cities and Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor until Louis came to terms with Charles.at what dates . . .they give recoignition to charles as heri in 1364 (why was he recognizing them over false Waldemar)/in return for being made heir

The childless dukes Louis and Otto had already promised Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor the succession in Brandenburg in 1364, as revenge for a conflict with their brother Stephen II on Bavarian succession after the death of their nephew Meinhard, the son of Louis V.

But already the Golden Bull of 1356 caused a new conflict since only the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach and his brother Louis VI the Roman as margrave of Brandenburg were invested with the electoral dignity.

Stephens conflict with his brother Louis VI the Roman on the heritage of Meinhard finally caused also the loss of Brandenburg for the Wittelsbach dynasty since Louis then made Charles his contracted heir. Meinhard III (born February 9, 1344 in Landshut; died January 13, 1363 in Meran, Tyrol), was the son of Countess Margarete Maultasch of Tyrol and as such the last member of the Meinhardiner line. After the death of his father Louis V of Bavaria in 1361, he ascended to rule, in which he was strongly influenced by his Wittelsbach relatives. His early death induced his mother to give Tyrol to Duke Rudolf IV of Austria. Therefore Meinhard's uncle Stephen II of Bavaria invaded Tyrol but finally released the country against a huge compensation in 1369.

He was married to Katharine of Bohemia making him the son-in-law of Emperor Charles IV.

Rudolf IV is most known for another bluff, the forgery of the Privilegium Maius, which de facto put him on par with the Electors of the Holy Roman Empire after Austria had not received an electoral vote in the Golden Bull. The title of Archduke, invented at this opportunity, became a honorific title of all males of the House of Habsburg in the 16th century.son of Emperor Albert I o This could be regarded as a problkem caused by thew golden bull - that those lkeft out became difficult to control.

John of Luxembourg and Charles IV

[edit] The Bohemian throne and house of Luxembourg

(Link this straight down from Charles mother?)

After the death of Wenceslas III, the last king of the Přemyslid Dynasty , several kings supplanted each other as the head of state, but none could consolidate their position. A portion of the nobility and the abbots, who were dissatisfied with the reign of Jindřich Korutanský, concocted a coup. They deposed the king with the agreement of Emperor Henry VII of Luxemburg. The emperor consented to the marriage of his son John known as John the BLind to Elizabeth (Eliška) the sister of Wenceslas III, daughter of wenceslas II. John of Luxemburg ruled as King of Bohemia between 1310 and 1346.In his long reign he was often absent, but began an ambitious building programme continued by his son

Charles became [margrave of Moravia]] while his father still reigned,

jon despite blindness was present the Battle of Crécy on the side of the French king in 1346. John of Luxemburg was among those killed in the battle. Charles was also injured certainly took part

and then also became King of the Romans in 1347, the year before Louis died in 1348 why? Pope Clement VI , to whom he had promised far-reaching concessions, helped secure his election (1346) by the imperial electors as antiking to Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV In 1346 the electors deposed him and gave the crown to Charles IV of the House of Luxemburg. Was he crowned in Bonn?

[edit] Building Programme

The Prague bishopric was upgraded to an archbishopric.

(building programme) During John’s reign, the territory of the Czech lands expanded and Prague continued to grow. The Prague Castle Area (Hradčany) was founded around 1320, followed by the Old Town Hall in 1338.(so Charles continued his father’s work) 1355Many building projects were started during Charles' reign, including the St. Vitus Cathedral The present day Gothic Cathedral was founded on 21st of November, 1344, when the Prague bishopric was raised to an archbishopric. Its patrons were the chapter of cathedral (led by a Dean), the Archbishop Arnost of Pardubice, and, above all, Charles IV, King of Bohemia and a soon-to-be Holy Roman Emperor, who intended the new cathedral to be a coronation church, family crypt, treasury for the most precious relics of the kingdom, and the last resting place cum pilgirimage site of patron saint Wenceslaus. The first master builder was a Frenchman Matthias of Arras, summoned from the papal palace in Avignon. Matthias designed the overall layout of the building as, basically, an import of French Gothic:. In 1348, Prague's New Town Nové město was founded, the Charles University was established evidence in bulls of charles and pope clement vi and the Karlštejn castle The construction of Charles Bridge began in 1357 at the place where the romanesqueJudith Bridge once stood (it collapsed in a flood in 1342). peter parler charles bridge and also took over as from matthias as builder of the cathedral. He was german.

[edit] Influence of France

John sent his firstborn son Wenceslas – the future Emperor Charles IV – to be educated at the royal court in France (his wife, Queen Mary wa sthe sister of the French King).His French education left a lasting mark on Charles. His father, , king of Bohemia, was an ardent francophile and patron of the composer and poet Guillaume de Machaut — he died at Crécy in 1346 while fighting on the French side. Charles was injured atr Crecy (check) fought, anyway

French popes Charles IV was a highly educated man (he spoke five languages), Charles IV wrote his own Latin autobiography entitled Vita Caroli.

When Charles was 7-years old he was sent to Paris according to family tradition. Charles rose up and got his education in the court of France. One of his teachers was abbot pierre Roger, who would be a Pope Clement VI in the future. Queen Marie, wife of King Charles IV of France, was a sister of John of Luxemburg and hers husband King Charles IV who was godfather of young Charles when he was baptized in 1323.Maybe where Charles got his name.

In the court of France Charles married in 1324 when he was only 8 years old. dynastic consideration from an early age His first wife Blanche de Valois [Margaret/Blanche of Valois]] was daughter of Charles of Valois, brother of Philip III and uncle of king Charles IV of France. In 1328, when King Charles IV died without male heir, his cousin and brother of Blanche Philip VI became king of France.

John the Good's sister, Marie of Luxembourg, daughter of the emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg, had been married to King Charles IV of France, brother of Philip VI of France, who inherited when there were no sons from that marriage. The close family ties between the house of Luxembourg and the French royal family were reinforced by ther mariage of Philip's son John, the future King John II, to Bonne of Luxembourg, daughter of John the Good and Charles IV of Luxembourg's sister. By this means Charles became uncle to the child of that mariage Charles, future Charles VI, charles le sage.Thus, Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg was the maternal uncle of King Charles V of France, who solicited his relative's advice at Metz in 1356 during the Parisian Revolt.

Charles IV was already an experienced politician by the time of his accession to the throne. In 1344, he negotiated the elevation of the Prague bishopric to an archbishopric with Pope Clement VI, who had been his teacher in France

[edit] Astute?

an excellent diplomat and a very good king. Charles IV concentrated his energies chiefly on the economic and intellectual development of Bohemia, founding the University of Prague in 1348 and encouraging the early humanists — he is known to have corresponded with Petrarch. . When he formulated a state legal code, the Maiestas Carolina, in the 1350s, which the nobility saw as an attack on their privileges, Charles IV preferred to declare that he had burned the manuscript.

The Maiestas Carolina was a legal code proposed by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1350 to govern Bohemia.

Based on previous legal customs, the aim of the code was to increase royal power. Included among its provisons were sections granting the right to judge criminal cases solely to the king and others allowing the king greater control over functionaries in order to increase royal revenues. The code also contained sections regarding forest conservation.

The Bohemian Diet resented the loss of their own power and opposed the code. Charles withdrew the code in 1355, and it never came into effect.

[edit] The Golden Bull of 1356.

Charles married four times.

His first wife was Blanche, 1316–1348), daughter of Charles, Count of Valois, a half-sister of Philip IV of France. They had two daughters, Margaret (1335-1349), who married Louis I of Hungary; and Katharina (1342-1395), who married Rudolf IV of Austria and Otto V of Bavaria, Elector of Brandenburg. (brandenburg power...connect the rudolf marriage also to the above

He secondly married Anne (Anna), 1329–1353), daughter of the Elector Palatine Rudolph II, but they had no children.

(interesting one this because Louis IV had fought rudolph's father for the Palatinate won, and so Rudolf had been Louis IV's enemy, and he only came into his possession after a treaty in the 1320s)

His third wife was Anne of Swidnica, 1339–1362), by whom he had a son Wenceslaus (1361–1419), Charles's successor as king of Bohemia and king of the romans.

His fourth wife was Elizabeth of Pomerania, 1345 or 1347–1393). They had four children:

• Anne of Bohemia (1366–1394), who married Richard II of England
• Sigismund (1368–1437), emperor, king of Hungary and Bohemia and margrave of Brandenburg.
• John, Duke of Görlitz (1370–1396)
• Margaret (1373–1410), who married John III, Burgrave of NurembergMedieval

On the death of Rupert, the movement for the reinstatement of Wenceslas immediately lost headway. The Rhenish electors, having deposed Wenceslas 10 years previously on ground of his unfitness, could not reelect him without admitting their inconsistency. Nonetheless, the house of Luxembourg was powerful and would assuredly throw its full weight against any non-Luxembourg candidate to the German throne. The four electors agreed on the expediency of selecting Rupert's successor from the Luxembourg dynasty but disagreed on the choice of candidate. The count palatine and the archbishop of Trier elected Wenceslas's brilliant but unreliable brother, Sigismund, at Frankfurt on September 20, 1410. Eleven days later, the archbishops of Cologne and Mainz elected Wenceslas's turbulent and treacherous cousin, Jobst of Moravia. Jobst died in the next year, and Wenceslas agreed to accept Sigismund on condition that he himself retained the title of German king. But Sigismund ignored the reservation and assumed the disputed title. Wenceslas's protests were greeted with indifference in Germany and quickly died away. A second election of Sigismund at Frankfurt (July 21, 1411) gave him an ample majority and removed all doubt concerning the validity of the previous election.

Wenceslas (ruled 1378–1400) inherited a variety of problems, which grew after his father's statesmanlike hand had been removed. Wenceslas's habitual indolence and drunkenness, which increased as he grew older, excited the indignation of his critics. His prolonged periods of residence in Bohemia betrayed his lack of interest in German affairs and allowed the continuous friction between princes, cities, and nobility to develop into open warfare.

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The collision of princes and cities was prompted by vital issues of long standing. The flight of the rural population from servile tenures on the land to the free air of the cities aggravated the population losses from the Black Death and further reduced the labour force and the revenues of territorial lords. Others who stayed on the land accepted the protection and jurisdiction of the neighbouring city as “external” citizens (Ausbürger, or Pfahlbürger) and thus withdrew themselves and their land from seignorial control. Only the most powerful cities (e.g., Nürnberg, Rothenburg) were able to extend their extramural territory to a substantial degree by force, but all strove to expand the area of their jurisdiction at the expense of local lords, partly to prevent village industries from competing with the city guilds.

A second major issue was the insistence of territorial lords on imposing tolls on city merchandise in transit through their possessions. In theory, tolls on road and river traffic were exacted in return for the protection of merchants and their goods, but the multiplication of toll stations hampered trade and provoked innumerable disputes, which often culminated in the seizure of merchants and merchandise by exigent lords.

The third and immediate cause of the crisis lay in the financial policy of Wenceslas himself. His Bohemian revenues, though large, were strained by the great sums payable to the electors in return for his elevation to the kingship. Hence he attempted to tap the resources of the imperial cities by demanding heavy taxes, and he threatened to mortgage recalcitrant cities to the neighbouring princes, their chief enemies.

On July 4, 1376, an alliance of 14 imperial cities of Swabia was formed under the leadership of Ulm and Constance for mutual protection against unjust taxes and seizure from the empire. The Swabian League counted 40 members by 1385 and was linked with similar coalitions in Alsace, the Rhineland, and Saxony. Wenceslas's initial hostility to the league faded as its membership increased, and in 1387 he gave it his verbal and unofficial recognition. He feared offending the territorial princes by extending full recognition; further, a clause of the Golden Bull had declared all city leagues to be illegal. Thus he temporized and awaited the outcome of the approaching trial of strength between cities and princes. On August 28, 1388, the princes of Swabia and Franconia routed the largely mercenary forces of the Swabian League at Döffingen, near Stuttgart. The stipendiaries of the Rhenish League were put to flight by the count palatine Rupert II near Worms on November 6.

The cities triumphantly withstood the ensuing siege operations, but their economy was injured by the forays, ambuscades, and blockades instituted by the princes. The protracted campaigns also exhausted the financial resources of the princes. When Wenceslas intervened in 1389, both parties were ready for peace. At the Diet of Eger (May 2) he ordered them to desist and declared the city leagues to be dissolved. The contestants complied. The princes were satisfied with the prospective disbandment of the cities, and the cities feared the consequences of further resistance, but neither side relished Wenceslas's opportunism. The princes disliked his political flirtation with the cities, and the cities resented his final championship of the cause of the princes.

Wenceslas's early gestures of support for the cities rankled the electors, who in 1384 and 1387 discussed the advisability of replacing him with an imperial vicar or regent. Wenceslas, however, learned of the plan and conveyed his opposition, while the electors were unable to unite on their choice of a regent. Some electors turned to a more drastic solution—Wenceslas's deposition. In 1394 Rupert II and Archbishop Frederick of Cologne considered the election of Richard II of England but failed to win the support of their electoral colleagues. In the following year, however, Wenceslas's elevation of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, imperial vicar of Milan, to the status of duke was assailed as a dismemberment of the empire and enabled the electors to act as the indignant defenders of the integrity of the Reich against a wasteful and profligate king. Wenceslas attempted to conciliate the princes by appointing his younger brother Sigismund as German regent in 1396. But the Milanese issue enabled Rupert and Frederick to enlist the support of the archbishops of Mainz and Trier for their proposed deposition of Wenceslas. The death of Rupert in 1398 occasioned some delay, but at length the electors compiled a lengthy series of charges against the king, and in September 1399 they openly proclaimed their intention of deposing him.

At this critical stage further proceedings were temporarily checked by serious differences concerning the choice of Wenceslas's successor. The favoured candidate of the Rhenish electors was the count palatine, Rupert III, who was himself an elector. However, another elector, Duke Rudolf of Saxony, and a powerful group of northern German princes contended that the electors could not raise one of their own members to the kingship. The Golden Bull had declared otherwise, but Rudolf held his ground and declined to participate in the subsequent proceedings. On June 4, 1400, the four Rhenish electors invited Wenceslas to Oberlahnstein to consider measures for the reform of the empire and threatened to release themselves from their oath of allegiance if he failed to appear. The king's efforts to rally support for his cause were utterly fruitless, and he decided to stay in Bohemia. On August 20 Archbishop John of Mainz, on behalf of the four electors, publicly proclaimed the deposition of Wenceslas as an unfit and useless king and freed his German subjects from their allegiance to him. On the following day the three archbishops elected Rupert in Wenceslas's stead. Rupert's consent to his election was presumed to furnish the necessary majority required by the Golden Bull.