Purple Swamphen

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iPurple Swamphen

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Rallidae
Genus: Porphyrio
Species: P. porphyrio
Binomial name
Porphyrio porphyrio
Linnaeus, 1758

The Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio), formerly also known as the Purple Gallinule, is a large bird in the family Rallidae. From its name in French, talève sultane it is also sometimes known as the Sultana Bird. It should not be confused with the American Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio martinica. A New Zealander Māori name for the subspecies P. p. melanotus is pūkeko.

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[edit] Taxonomy and physical description

There are six or more subspecies of the Purple Swamphen, depending on the authority, which differ mainly in the plumage colours. The races are:

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European birds are overall purple-blue, African and south Asian birds have a green back, and Australasian and Indonesian birds have black backs and heads. The Philippines subspecies is pale blue with a brown back. This chicken-sized bird, with its huge feet, bright plumage and red bill and frontal shield is unmistakable in its native range.

Purple Swamphens are considered to be the ancestors of several island species including the extinct Lord Howe Swamphen and two species of Takahē in New Zealand. The Purple Swamphen itself, deriving from a later self-introduction, is a native of New Zealand, where it is called the Pūkeko. Its range is thought to have expanded there after the arrival of humans as the numbers of Takahē declined to near-extinction levels.

[edit] Reproduction

The breeding habitat is warm reedbeds across southernmost Europe, Africa, tropical Asia, and Australasia. Pairs nest in swamps, clumps of rushes in paddocks or long unkempt grass. Multiple females lay in the one nest and share the incubation duties, the nest is composed of grass or similar materials. Each bird can lay 3-6 speckled eggs and a communal nest may contain up to 12 eggs, incubation period is 24 days.

[edit] Ecology and behavior

Pukeko, North Island, NZ
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Pukeko, North Island, NZ

The Purple Swamphen prefers wet areas with high rainfall, swamps, lake edges and damp pastures. The birds often live in pairs and larger communities. It clambers through the reeds, eating the tender shoots and vegetable-like matter, they have been known to feed on invertebrates (like snails) and to rob eggs from nests. Sometimes they eat small fishes as well. They will often use one foot to bring food to their mouth rather than eat it on the ground. Where they are not persecuted they can become tame and be readily seen in towns and cities.

This species has a very loud explosive call, also described as a "Raucous high-pitched screech, with a subdued musical 'tuk-tuk'". In spite of being clumsy in flight it can fly long distances, it is also a good swimmer (Especially for a bird without webbed feet).

[edit] Roman times

Evidence from Pliny the Elder and other sources shows that the Romans kept Purple Swamphens as decorative birds at large villas and expensive houses. They were regarded as noble birds and were the only birds that Romans did not eat.

[edit] Escapes and introductions

Purple Swamphen is occasionally recorded as an escape from captivity in Britain and elsewhere. An introduced population exists in Florida. See Purple Swamphens in North America.

[edit] References

  • BirdLife International (2004). Porphyrio porphyrio. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006.
  • Leo, Roger (2006). 'Shorebirds in Art: Looking at history through the purple swamphen'. Sanctuary: The Journal of the Massachusetts Audubon Society, Summer 2006, 45 (4):18-19
  • Moon, Geoff (1994) The Reed field guide to New Zealand birds, ISBN 0-7900-0366-8
  • Taylor, Barry and Van Perlo, Ber Rails (a volume in the Helm Identification Guides series) ISBN 90-74345-20-4

[edit] External links

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