Puddle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- This is about the liquid phenomenon. For other meanings, see Puddle (disambiguation)
A puddle is a small accumulation of a liquid, usually water, uncontained on a surface. It can form either in depressions in the surface, or directly upon the flat surface, held together by surface tension. A puddle is generally considered to be small enough to step over or shallow enough to walk through, and too small to traverse with a boat, raft or submarine.
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[edit] Behaviour
Puddles commonly form during rainstorms, and can cause problems for transport, especially when combined with cold conditions to form patches of ice, which are highly slippery and difficult to see. Due to the angle of the road, puddles tend to be forced by gravity to gather on the edge of the road. This causes the notorious 'splash' as cars drive quickly through the puddle, which causes water to be sprayed onto pedestrians on the adjacent pavement. Sometimes, irresponsible drivers will do this deliberately. Such activity is frowned upon, and in some countries can lead to prosecutions for careless driving [1].
[edit] Management
Puddles tend to evaporate quickly due to the high surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing a large number of molecules to be vapourised at once, and as such tend to be short lived. However, due to this property, puddles of chemicals such as bromine, which produce highly toxic vapour, are considered highly dangerous and spills such as this must be dealt with immediately, with emergency evacuation as a common step.
In order to deal with puddles, roads and pavements are often built with a camber (technically called 'crowning'), being slightly convex in nature, to force puddles to drain into the gutter, which has storm drain grates to allow the water to drain into the sewers. In addition to this, some surfaces are made to be porous, allowing the water to drain straight through the surface to the aquifer below.
[edit] Recreation
Puddles are often considered a source of recreation by children, who consider jumping in puddles to be an "up-side" to rain.
[edit] History
Medieval legend spoke of one man who was desperate to find building materials for his house, so he stole cobblestones from the road surface. The remaining hole filled with water and a horseman who later walked through the 'puddle' actually found himself drowning. A similar legend, of a young boy drowning in a puddle that formed in a chuckhole in a major street in the early years of Seattle, Washington, is told as part of the Seattle Underground Tour.
A children's nursery rhyme records the story of Doctor Foster and his encounter with a puddle in Gloucester.
When Walter Raleigh met Queen Elizabeth I, Raleigh is reputed to have thrown his coat over a muddy puddle to allow the Queen to cross without getting her feet wet. Such activities were once considered to be chivalrous, but are less common nowadays.
[edit] England’s Oldest Puddle
The Oxfordshire town of Wallingford is home to England’s oldest recorded puddle. There has been a puddle on the pavement at the corner of Fir Tree Avenue and Wantage Road since April 1976. The puddle’s longevity is in large part due to the disrepair of the pavement – the local authority has not resurfaced the pavement since 1978. The puddle was initially a source of frustration for local residents who regularly lobbied both the District and County Councils in an effort to have the pavement resurfaced. However, both South Oxfordshire District Council and Oxfordshire County Council insist that it is the responsibility of the other. The dispute between the two Councils is likely to have arisen out of the local government reorganisation of 1974 when Wallingford was transferred from Berkshire to Oxfordshire. Subsequently the puddle itself has become something of an ironic tourist attraction and is now the starting point for a local pub crawl called the “Wally Run”.[1]
[edit] Biology
Animals often use puddles either as a drinking source, a bath, or, in the case of some smaller animals, an entire habitat. Puddles are also vital for bathing birds.
Puddles which do not evaporate quickly can become standing water, which can become polluted by decaying organisms and are often home to breeding mosquitos, which can act as vectors for diseases such as malaria.
Swallows use the damp loam which gathers in puddles as a form of cement to help to build their nests. The reduction in the number of puddles in the countryside due to intensive farming and climate change is partially to blame for a decrease in the swallows' numbers.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Sue Clifford and Angela King, England in Particular: A Celebration of the Commonplace, the Local, the Vernacular and the Distinctive (Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 2006),p.193.
