Psychoactive toad
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Psychoactive toad is a name used for toads from which psychoactive substances from the family of bufotoxins can be derived. The skin and venom of Bufo alvarius (Colorado River toad or Sonoran Desert toad) contain 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin. Other species contain only bufotenin. 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin both belong to the family of hallucinogenic tryptamines. Due to these substances the skin or venom of the toads may produce psychoactive effects when smoked.
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[edit] Cultivation and uses
To obtain the psychoactive substances the venom of psychoactive toads is commonly milked from the toad's venom glands. The milking procedure does not harm the toad — it consists of stroking it under its chin to initiate the defensive venom response. Once the liquid venom has been collected and dried, it can be used for its psychedelic effects. The toad takes about a month to refill its venom glands following the milking procedure, during which time the toad will not produce venom. Some vendors sell dried toad skins, which is needless as the venom can be collected without harming the toad. The venom has frequently been used for recreational use.
Smoking or vaporizing the toad's skin or products thereof protects one from being poisoned by the large number of additional toxins present in the secretions that are not volatile on heating or that will decompose at elevated temperatures. Many of these other toxins are peptides and large molecules.
[edit] Myths
Urban legends, dating from the 1980s, claimed that groups of "hippies" or teenagers were licking the psychoactive toads to get high. One version of the story has hippies in the hills of California chasing toads through the woods to get high. In another version, the infamous cane toad of Australia was said to be licked or ingested both by aborigines and by Australian hippies. These myths were propagated by a number of sources, including drug-abuse lectures, at least one textbook, and USA Today in 1988. The idea of toad-licking was even used as a plot for one episode of the television program L.A. Law. The story was never true. While it cannot be proven that nobody ever licked a toad in California, there is no documented evidence for toad-licking as a regular practice of any group at any time, nor is there any documented evidence that hallucinatory effects can be achieved in this way.
This story continued into the 1990s, despite a small story in Scientific American debunking the myth in 1990.[1] Even after this article, one Georgian legislator referred to "the extreme danger of cane-toad licking becoming the designer drug of choice." A warning was also published in the British Journal of Psychiatry (November 1990) that stated "the Australian cane toad is popularly kept as a pet in the US, and licked by its owners for the resulting hallucinatory effects," with the note that two types of English toads also have the potential to be used in this way. Toads do have a variety of toxins in their skins that protect them from predators. If a person actually were to eat or even lick toad skins, he or she could become quite ill or even die. One Australian youth is reported to have died after eating cane toad eggs.[citation needed]
[edit] Cultural references
Toad-licking was the topic of the Family Guy episode Let's Go to the Hop, and was also mentioned in The Simpsons episode Missionary: Impossible. The practice was parodied in the Drawn Together episode The Other Cousin, when the character Ling-Ling is discovered to secrete a hallucinogenic substance when disappointed. National Public Radio aired a story "The Dog Who Loved to Suck on Toads", by Laura Mirsch. Other slang (although almost all are terms invented for the Family Guy episode) includes "doing toad", "doing kermit", "frenching the prince", "lilly padding", "toad licking" and "doing the hop".
[edit] References and notes
- ^ Scientific American v263 p26-7 August, 1990
- Erowid's Psychoactive Toads Vault
- Davis, Wade. "Smoking Toad". The Clouded Leopard: Travels to Landscapes of Spirit and Desire. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre, 1998, 171-198.
- Ksir, Charles, Carl L. Hart, Oakley Ray. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. Boston: McGraw, 2005. 363.
