Psilocybe cubensis

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iPsilocybe cubensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Homobasidiomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Strophariaceae Genus: Psilocybe Species: P. cubensis
Binomial name
Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer

Psilocybe cubensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose principle active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. Psilocybe cubensis belongs to the Strophariaceae family of fungi and is sometimes known as Stropharia cubensis. The mushrooms are reddish-cinnamon brown to golden brown in color and they will turn bluish/purplish when bruised.^[1] Their caps are planar when fully mature, and their gills are adnate (horizontally attached to the stem) to adnexed (slightly indented at the attachment point) depending on the variety. The mycelia are like microscopic straws that look similar in appearance to foam or hoarfrost. The gills are closely spaced and contain microscopic dust-like dark purple spores that are self-propagating (unlike seeds which require plant reproduction).

Psilocybe cubensis is a coprophilic fungus (one that prefers to grow on dung or manured soils) that often colonizes the dung of large herbivores, most notably cows and other grazing mammals such as goats. It prefers humid grasslands and has been found in tropical and subtropical environments. In the US, it is sometimes found growing wild in the South, generally below the 35th parallel. It has been found in modern times in the highlands and river valleys of Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela in South America. It has also been found throughout Thailand, Cambodia, India, and Australia.^{[citation needed]}

This species was identified as Stropharia cubensis by F.S. Earle in Cuba in 1904 (hence the specific name). The name Psilocybe is derived from the Greek roots psilos (ψιλος) and kubê (κυβη) and translates as "bald head". It was later identified independently as Naematoloma caerulescens in Tonkin in 1907 by N. Patouillard and as Stropharia cyanescens by W.A. Murrill in 1941 in Florida. These synonyms were later assigned to the species P. cubensis.

Its major psychoactive compounds are:

• Psilocybin (4-Phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
• Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
• Baeocystin (4-Phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine)
• Norbaeocystin (4-Phosphoryloxytryptamine)

Individual brain chemistry and psychological predisposition play a significant role in determining appropriate doses. For a modest psychedelic effect, a minimum of one gram of dried cubensis mushrooms is ingested orally. 0.25-1 gram is usually sufficient to produce a mild effect, 1-2.5 grams usually provides a moderate effect. 2.5 grams and higher usually produces strong effects.^[2] For most people, 3½ dried grams (1/8 oz) would be considered a high dose and likely to produce an intense experience. For many individuals doses above 3 grams may be overwhelming. For a few rare people, doses as small as 0.25 grams can produce full-blown effects normally associated with very high doses. For most people, however, that dose level would result in virtually no effects.

Effects usually start after approximately 20-60 minutes (depending on method of ingestion and what else is in the stomach) and may last from four to five hours, depending on dosage. Hallucinatory effects often occur, including walls that seem to breathe, a vivid enhancement of colors and the animation of organic shapes. At higher doses, experiences tend to be less social and more entheogenic, often intense and spiritual in nature.

It's nearly impossible to overdose on Psilocybe mushrooms since one would have to consume nearly their entire body weight in fresh mushrooms or ≈1680g of dried mushrooms.^[3] Nevertheless, the effects of very high doses can be overwhelming. Depending on the particular strain, growth method, and age at harvest, Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms can come in rather different sizes. It is recommended that one weigh the actual mushrooms, as opposed to simply counting them.

People taking MAOIs need to be very careful, as psilocybin and psilocin are metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. An MAOI reduces the body's ability to handle the mushrooms (roughly doubling their potency), and can lead to an unpleasant, prolonged, or dangerously strong experience.

Although it is illegal in many nations to possess psilocybin containing mushrooms or mycelium (both of which contain psychoactive substances), it is legal in several places to own and sell spores. In the United States only the psychoactive compounds (see above) are scheduled under federal law. The spores do not contain either (but possession is prohibited by state law in Idaho, Georgia and California).^[4] Many have questioned the constitutionality of these laws, as the religious significance of psilocybin containing mushrooms is clear.

Personal-scale cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms ranges from the relatively simple and small-scale PF Tek and other "cake" methods, that produce a limited amount of mushrooms, to advanced techniques utilizing methods of professional mushroom cultivators, such as Paul Stamets. These advanced methods require a greater investment of time, money, and knowledge, but reward the diligent cultivator with far larger and much more consistent harvests. A number of books and online guides have been written that discuss the various techniques. The Shroomery and MycoTopia are the largest and most helpful internet communities dedicated to sharing this type of information. Extreme caution is suggested if one is seeking to find psilocybin mushrooms in the wild; there are many mushrooms that look similar to Psilocybe cubensis that are actually poisonous. Cultivation of wild mushrooms is greatly discouraged because many look-alike species are deadly; unless one is an expert of mycology and ethnobotany, he should refrain from this activity.

[edit] Notes

[edit] Further reading

• Nicholas, L.G., Ogame, Kerry. (2006). Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook: Easy Indoor and Outdoor Cultivation. Quick American Archives. ISBN 0-932551-71-8.
• Stamets, Paul, Chilton, J.S. (1983). Mushroom Cultivator, The. Olympia: Agarikon Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
• Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.

[edit] External links

• The Shroomery Detailed information about Psilocybe mushrooms including identification, cultivation and spores, psychedelic images, trip reports, a dosage calculator and an active community.
• The Ones That Stain Blue Studies in ethnomycology including the contributions of Maria Sabina, Dr. Albert Hofmann and Dr. Gaston Guzman.
  • Psilocybe cubensis drawings and information
• Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault
• PF TEK Psilocybe cubensis growing techniques.
• Psilocybin Awareness A molecular neurobiology student manuscript from the University of California at Berkeley

Psychedelic tryptamines edit
4-Acetoxy-DET, 4-Acetoxy-DIPT, 4,5-HO-MeO-DMT, α-ET, α-MT, Baeocystin, Bufotenin, DET, DIPT, DMT, DPT, EIPT, Ethocin, Ethocybin, Iprocin, MET, MIPT, 5-MeO-α-ET, 5-MeO-α-MT, 5-MeO-DALT, 5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DIPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MeO-MIPT, Miprocin, Norbaeocystin, Psilocin, Psilocybin

Psychedelic mushrooms edit
Amanita gemmata, Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina, Index of Psilocybe, Panaeolus subbalteatus, Psilocybe, Psilocybe azurescens, Psilocybe baeocystis, Psilocybe bohemica, Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe mexicana, Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe tampanensis, Psilocybe weilii