Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You have new messages (last change).

Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles.

Contents

[edit] Pronouns

PIE pronouns are difficult to reconstruct due to their variety in later languages. This is especially the case for demonstrative pronouns.

PIE had personal pronouns in the first and second person, but not the third person, where demonstratives were used instead. The personal pronouns had their own unique forms and endings, and some had two distinct stems; this is most obvious in the first person singular, where the two stems are still preserved in English I and me. According to Beekes (1995), there were also two varieties for the accusative, genitive and dative cases, a stressed and an enclitic form.

Personal pronouns (Beekes 1995)
First person Second person
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative h₁eǵ(oH/Hom) wei tuH yuH
Accusative h₁mé, h₁me nsmé, nōs twé usmé, wōs
Genitive h₁méne, h₁moi ns(er)o-, nos tewe, toi yus(er)o-, wos
Dative h₁méǵʰio, h₁moi nsmei, ns tébʰio, toi usmei
Instrumental h₁moí  ? toí  ?
Ablative h₁med nsmed tued usmed
Locative h₁moí nsmi toí usmi

As for demonstratives, Beekes (1995) tentatively reconstructs a system with only two pronouns: so/seh₂/tod "this, that" and h₁e/ (h₁)ih₂/(h₁)id "the (just named)" (anaphoric). He also postulates three adverbial particles ḱi "here", h₂en "there" and h₂eu "away, again", from which demonstratives were constructed in various later languages.

There was also an interrogative/indefinite pronoun with the stem kʷe-/kʷi- (adjectival kʷo-), and probably a relative pronoun with the stem yo-. A third-person reflexive pronoun se (acc.), sewe, sei (gen.), sébʰio, soi (dat.), parallel to the first and second person singular personal pronouns, also existed, as well as possessive pronominal adjectives.

PIE had a separate set of endings for pronouns; many of these were later borrowed as nominal endings.


Type Stem Derivatives
1st sg *H₁eǵ-ō / *H₁eǵ-om / *H₁eǵ Umbrian eho, Eng. Ic/I, Russ. ja, Gk. egō, Gm. ih/Ich, Kamviri õc, Hitt. uk, Carian uk, Goth. ik, ON ek, Skr. aham, Av. azəm, Lith. aš, Venetic ego, Lat. ego
1st sg oblique *me Alb. mua, Lat. me, Umbrian mehe, Engl. mec/me, Gm. mih/mich, Ir. mé/mé, Gr. eme, Russ. mne, Skt. mam, Av. mam, Welsh mi,Venetic mego
2nd sg *tu Arm. tu/du, Alb. ti, Lith. tu, Ltv. tu, Lat. tū, Gm. thu/du, Eng. þu/thou, Gk. su, Hitt. tuk, Av. tū, Ir. tú/tú, Kashmiri tsū', Umbrian tu, Kamviri tü, Oscan tuvai, Old Prussian toū, Osset. dy/, Pers. tuva/to, Russ. ty, Skr. tvam, Toch. tu/tuwe, Umbrian tui, Goth. þu, Welsh ti, ON þú, Polish ty, Old Church Slavonic ty
1st pl *weis / *wei / *we Eng. wē/we, Gm. wir/wir, Hitt. wēs, Goth. wit;weis, ON vit;vér, Lith. vedu, Skr. vayam, Pers. vayam/, Toch. was/wes, Av. vaēm
1st pl enclitic *n̥s / *nos Alb. ne, Gm. unsih/uns, Eng. uncer/us, Hitt. anzās, Goth. unsar; ugkis, ON oss; okkr, Polish nas, Russ. nas, Skr. nas, Lat. nōs, Av. nō, Pers. amaxām/, Gk. no, Ir. ni, Welsh ni, Toch. nás, Lith. nuodu, Old Prussian noūson, Hitt. anzās
2nd pl *wos / *us Umbrian uestra, Russ. vy; vas Polish wy; was, Skr. vas, Av. vō, Lat. vōs Old Prussian wans
2nd pl *yus / *yu Eng. gē/ye; ēow/you, Gm. ir/ihr, Goth. jus, ON ykkr;yðr, Skr. yūyam, Av. yūžəm, Gk. humeis, Lith. jūs, Ltv. jūs, Old Prussian ioūs, Toch. yas/yes, Arm. dzez/dzez/cez
interrogative *kʷi-s / *kʷo-s (m), *kʷi-H₂ / *kʷe-H₂ (f), *kʷi-d / *kʷo-d (n) Lat. qui, quae, quod; quis; quid. Arm. ov;inč', Alb. kush, Lith. kas, Ltv. kas, Eng. hwā/who, Gm. hwër/wer, Phryg. kos, Gk. tis, Hitt. kuiš, Lyc. tike, Carian kuo, Luw. kui-, Lyd. qi-, Av. ko, Ir. cid/cía, Kashmiri kus, Kamviri kâča, Osset. či, Pers. čiy/ki, Russ. kto, Skr. ka, Toch. kus/kŭse, Goth. ƕas, Welsh pwi, ON hverr, Polish kto, Oscan pisi, Umbrian púí; svepis
relative *yo-}}
demonstrative / 3rd sg i-, *i-d (n.) Lat. is, ea, id, Skt. it
distal demonstrative *so (m), *se-H₂ (f), *to-d (n) Old English se, seo, thæt, Russ. to
proximal demonstrative *ko-s (m), *ko-H₂ (f), *ko-d (n) Lat. cis, Eng. hit/it; he/he, Goth. hita, Gm. hiar/hier, ON hér, Russ. eto
reflexive *swe Carian sfes, Lyd. śfa-, OPruss. sien; sin, Lith. savo, Latv sevi, Gm. sih/sich;sin/sein, Goth. sik, Gk. heos, Skt. sva, OCS se, Phryg. ve, ON sik; sinn, Alb. vetë, Lat. sē, sibi;suus, Oscan sífeí, Umbrian seso, Av. hva, Arm. ink's, Russ. sebe;-sja
"another" *H₂el-yó/nó}} Lat. alius, Engl. elles/else, Skt. araṇa, Gr. allos, Oscan allo, Toch ālak/allek, Arm. ayl, Gaul. alla, Ir. aile/eile, Goth. alijs, Gm. elilenti/elend, Lyd. aλaś, ON elligar

[edit] Particles

particle meaning derivatives
*H₁en in Gk. en, Eng. in/in, Gm. in/in; īn/ein-, Lat. in, ON í, Goth. in, Welsh yn, Ir. in/in, Lith. į, Ltv. iekšā, Old Prussian en, Luw. anda, Carian nt_a
*epi / *opi near, at Gk. epi-, Skr. api, Lat. ab, Av. aipi, Arm. ev, Lith. api-; apie
*pe with, together Hitt. pe-
*r̥ Enclitic "for" Skr. r̥
*nu now Alb. tani, Lith. nū, Ltv. nu, Gm. nu/nun, Lat. nunc, Eng. nū/now, Gk. nu/, Hitt. nu, Luw. nanun, ON nū, Pers. nūra/, Old Prussian teinu, Skr. nū, Toch. nuṃ/nano, Goth. nu, Old Church Slavonic nu
*ne, *nei negative particle Alb. nuk, Arm. an-, Av. na, Lith. ne, Ltv. ne, Eng. ne/no, Gm. ne/nein, Goth. ni, Gk. ne-, Hitt. natta, Ir. ní/ní, Lat. nē, Luw. ni-, Lyc. ni-, Lyd. ni-, ON né, Old Prussian ne, Oscan ne, Pers. na/, Polish nie, Russ. ne;net, Skr. na, Toch. an-/en-, Umbrian an-, Welsh ni
*H₁ad to,by,at Goth. at, Eng. æt/at, ON at, Gm. az/--, Oscan adpúd, Umbrian ař, Ir. ad/ad, Welsh add, Gaul. ad, Lat. ad Phryg. addaket, XMK addai
*up / *upo under Lith. po, Gk. hupo, Skr. upa, Av. upa, Pers. upa/, Eng. upp/up, ON upp, Hitt. upzi, Gm. uf/auf, Goth. iup, Toch. /spe, Ir. fo/fo, Welsh go, Gaul. Voretus, Umbrian sub, Oscan sup, Lat. sub
*H₂n̥-bʰi around Gk. amphi, Skr. abhi, Av. aiwito, Eng. bi/by, Gm. umbi/um, Gaul. ambi, Ir. imb/um, Toch. āmpi/, ON um, Welsh am, Pers. abiy/
*n̥dʰ-er under Eng. under/under, Skr. adhas, Av. aðairi, Gm. untar/unter, Lat. infernus, Arm. ĕndhup/ĕnthub, ON und, Goth. undar, Pers. /zēr
*per / *pero / *prō before, forth, in front of, ahead of Skr. prā, Hitt. per, Eng. for/fore- Gm. /vor, Lith. per, pro, Lat. per, prō
*H₂euo off, away, down from Skr. ava
*H₂en / *H₂eno on, upon Gk. ano, Eng. an/on, Gm. /an, Goth. ana, ON á, Av. ana, Lat. in (in some cases)

[edit] Abbreviations


[edit] See also

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../p/r/o/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns_and_particles_11bb.html"