Proto-Indo-European numerals
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The Proto-Indo-European numerals are generally reconstructed as follows:
| Sihler 1995, 402–24 | Beekes 1995, 212–16 | |
| one | *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem- | *Hoi(H)nos |
| two | *d(u)wo- | *duoh₁ |
| three | *trei- (full grade)/*tri- (zero grade) | *treies |
| four | *kʷetwor- (o-grade)/*kʷetur- (zero grade), see also the kʷetwóres rule |
*kʷetuōr |
| five | *penkʷe | *penkʷe |
| six | *s(w)eḱs; originally perhaps *weḱs | *(s)uéks |
| seven | *septm̥ | *séptm |
| eight | *oḱtō, *oḱtou or *h₃eḱtō, *h₃eḱtou | *h₃eḱteh₃ |
| nine | *(h₁)newn̥ | *(h₁)néun |
| ten | *deḱm̥(t) | *déḱmt |
| twenty | *wīḱm̥t-; originally perhaps *widḱomt- | *duidḱmti |
| thirty | *trīḱomt-; originally perhaps *tridḱomt- | *trih₂dḱomth₂ |
| forty | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *kʷetwr̥dḱomt- | *kʷeturdḱomth₂ |
| fifty | *penkʷēḱomt-; originally perhaps *penkʷedḱomt- | *penkʷedḱomth₂ |
| sixty | *s(w)eḱsḱomt-; originally perhaps *weḱsdḱomt- | *ueksdḱomth₂ |
| seventy | *septm̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *septm̥dḱomt- | *septmdḱomth₂ |
| eighty | *oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; originally perhaps *h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt- | *h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂ |
| ninety | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; originally perhaps *h₁newn̥dḱomt- | *h₁neundḱomth₂ |
| hundred | *ḱm̥tom; originally perhaps *dḱm̥tom | *dḱmtóm |
| thousand | *ǵheslo-, *tusdḱomti | *ǵʰes-l- |
Lehmann (1993, 252-255) believes that the numbers greater than ten were constructed separately in the dialects groups and that *ḱm̥tóm originally meant "a large number" rather than specifically "one hundred."
[edit] Cardinal Numbers
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *H₁ói-no- | one | Albanian një/nji, Lithuanian vienas, Latvian viens, Gaulish oinos, German ein/eins, English ān/one, Greek oios, Avestan aēuua, Irish óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Latin ūnus, Kamviri ev, Oscan uinus, Old Church Slavonic edinŭ, Old Norse einn, Old Prussian aīns, Ossetian iu/ieu, Persian aiva/yek, Polish jeden, Russian odin, Sanskrit eka, Umbrian uns, Gothic ains, Welsh un |
| *sem- (nom. sēm-s, gen. sem-ós) *sm̥- [prefix] |
one | Armenian mi/mek/meg, Albanian gjithë, Lithuanian sa, English sum/some, German saman/zusammen, Greek heis, Hittite san, Avestan hakeret, Irish samail/samhail, Latin semel, Lycian sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Persian hama/hamin, Russian sam, Sanskrit sakṛt, Tocharian sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, Old Norse sami, Gothic sama |
| *dwo-H₁- / *dwi-H₁- *dwi- [prefix] |
two | Armenian erku/yerku/yergu, Albanian dy/dy, Lithuanian du/dvi, Latvian divi, Gaulish vo, German zwene/zwei, English twā/two, Greek duō, Avestan duua, Hittite dā-, Irish dá/dó, Kashmiri zū', Latin duo, Lycian tuwa, Kamviri dü, Oscan dus, Old Church Slavonic dŭva, Old Norse tveir, Old Prussian dwāi, Ossetian dyuuæ/duuæ, Persian duva/do, Polish dwa, Russian dva, Sanskrit dva, Tocharian wu/wi, Umbrian tuf, Gothic twai, Welsh dau |
| *tréies (m), *trisóres (f), *treiH₂ (n) tri- [prefix] |
three | Armenian erek'/yerek'/yerek', Albanian tre/tre, Lithuanian trys, Latvian trīs, Gaulish treis, German drī/drei, English þrēo/three, Greek treis, Hittite tri-, Avestan θri, Illyrian tri-, Irish treí/trí, Kashmiri tre, Latin trēs, Lycian trei, Kamviri tre, Oscan trís, Old Church Slavonic trĭje, Old Norse þrír, Old Prussian tri, Ossetian ærtæ/ærtæ, Persian çi/se, Polish trzy, Russian tri, Sanskrit tri, Tocharian tre/trai, Umbrian trif, Gothic þreis, Welsh tri, Phrygian thri- |
| *kʷetwóres (m), *kʷetwesóres (f), *kʷetwōr (n) |
four | Armenian č'ork'/č'ors/č'ors, Albanian katër/katër, Lithuanian keturi, Latvian četri, Gaulish petor, German feor/vier, English fēower/four, Greek tessares, Avestan čaθware, Irish cethir/ceahair, Latin quattuor, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Oscan petora, Old Church Slavonic četyri, Old Norse fjórir, Old Prussian keturjāi, Ossetian cyppar/cuppar, Persian /čahār, Polish cztery, Russian četyre, Sanskrit catur, Tocharian śtwar/śtwer, Thracian ketri-, Umbrian petor, Gothic fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Lycian teteri |
| *pénkʷe | five | Armenian hing/hing/hink, Albanian pesë/pesë, Lithuanian penki, Latvian pieci, Gaulish pempe, German fimf/fünf, English fīf/five, Phrygian pinke, Greek pente, Avestan paṇča, Irish cóic/cúig, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Latin quinque, Kamviri puč, Luwian panta, Oscan pompe, Old Church Slavonic pętĭ, Old Norse fimm, Old Prussian pēnkjāi, Ossetian fondz/fondz, Persian panča/panj, Polish pięć, Russian pjat', Sanskrit pañca, Tocharian päñ/piś, Umbrian pumpe, Gothic fimf, Welsh pump |
| *sweḱs / seḱs | six | Armenian vec'/vec'/vec', Albanian gjashtë, Lithuanian šeši, Latvian seši, Gaulish suex, German sēhs/sechs, English siex/six, Greek heks, Avestan xšuuaš, Illyrian ses-, Irish sé/sé, Kashmiri śe, Latin sex, Kamviri ṣu, Oscan sehs, Old Church Slavonic šestĭ, Old Norse sex, Old Prussian usjai, Ossetian æxsæz/æxsæz, Persian /šeš, Polish sześć, Russian šest', Sanskrit ṣaṣ, Tocharian ṣäk/ṣkas, Umbrian sehs, Gothic saihs, Welsh chwech |
| *septm̥ | seven | Armenian evt'n/yot'/yot'ĕ, Albanian shtatë/shtatë, Lithuanian septyni, Latvian septiņi, Gaulish sextan, German sibun/sieben, English seofon/seven, Greek hepta, Avestan hapta, Irish secht/seacht, Hittite šipta-, Kashmiri sath, Latin septem, Kamviri sut, Oscan seften, Old Church Slavonic sedmĭ, Old Norse sjau, Old Prussian septīnjai, Ossetian avd/avd, Persian /haft, Polish siedem, Russian sem', Sanskrit sapta, Tocharian ṣpät/ṣukt, Gothic sibun, Welsh saith |
| *H₁oḱtō(u) | eight | Armenian ut'/ut'/ut'ĕ, Albanian tëte/tetë, Lithuanian aštuoni, Latvian astoņi, Gaulish oxtū, German ahto/acht, English eahta/eight, Greek oktō, Avestan ašta, Irish ocht/ocht, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Latin octō, Lycian aitãta-, Kamviri uṣṭ, Oscan uhto, Old Church Slavonic osmĭ, Old Norse átta, Old Prussian astōnjai, Ossetian ast/ast, Persian ašta/hašt, Polish osiem, Russian vosem', Sanskrit aṣṭa, Tocharian okät/okt, Gothic ahtau, Welsh wyth |
| *(H₁)néwn̥ | nine | Armenian inn/inn/innĕ, Albanian nëntë/nândë, Lithuanian devyni, Latvian deviņi, Gaulish navan, German niun/neun, English nigon/nine, Greek ennea, Avestan nauua, Irish nói/naoi, Kashmiri nav, Latin novem, Lycian ñuñtãta-, Kamviri nu, Oscan nuven, Old Church Slavonic devętĭ, Old Norse níu, Old Prussian newīnjai, Persian nava/noh, Polish dziewięć, Russian devjat', Sanskrit nava, Tocharian ñu, Umbrian nuvim, Gothic niun, Welsh naw |
| *déḱm̥ | ten | Armenian tasn/tas/dasĕ, Albanian dhjetë/dhetë, Lithuanian dešimt, Latvian desmit, Gaulish decam, German zēhen/zehn, Dacian dece-, English tīen/ten, Greek deka, Avestan dasa, Irish deich/deich, Kashmiri da.h, Latin decem, Kamviri duc, Oscan deken, Old Church Slavonic desętĭ, Old Norse tíu, Old Prussian desīmtan, Ossetian dæs/dæs, Persian daθa/dah, Polish dziesięć, Russian desjat', Sanskrit daśa, Tocharian śäk/śak, Umbrian desem, Gothic taihun, Welsh deg |
| *wiH₁-ḱm̥t-íH₁ | twenty | Armenian k'san, Albanian njëzet/njizet, Gaulish vocontio, Greek eikosi, Avestan visaiti, Irish fiche/fiche, Kashmiri vuh, Latin vīgintī, Persian /bēst, Kamviri vici, Russian dvjenadsat', Sanskrit viṅśati, Tocharian wiki/ikäṃ, Welsh ugain |
| *triH₁-ḱómt-H₂ | thirty | Latin trīgintā, Greek triákonta, Irish /tríocha, Russian trinadsat', Sanskrit triṅśat |
| *kʷetwr̥H₁-ḱómt-H₂ | forty | Latin quadrāgintā, Greek tessarákonta, Russian četyrnadsat', Sanskrit catvāriṅśat |
| *penkʷe-ḱómt-H₂ | fifty | Latin quinquāgintā, Greek pentêkonta, Irish /caoga, Russian pjatnadsat', Sanskrit pañcāśat |
| *sweḱs-ḱómt-H₂/ *seḱs-ḱómt-H₂ |
sixty | Latin sexāgintā, Greek exêkonta, Irish /seasca, Russian šestnadsat', Sanskrit ṣaṣṭih |
| *septm̥-ḱómt-H₂ | seventy | Latin septuāgintā, Greek heptákonta, Irish /seachtó, Russian semnadsat', Sanskrit saptatih |
| *H₁okto-ḱómt-H₂ | eighty | Latin octāgintā, Greek ogdôkonta, Irish /ochtó, Russian (v)osemnadsat', Sanskrit aśītih |
| *(H₁)newn̥-ḱómt-H₂ | ninety | Latin nonāgintā, Greek ennenêkonta, Irish /nócha, Russian devjatnadsat', Sanskrit navatih |
| *ḱm̥tóm | hundred | Lithuanian šimtas, Latvian simts, German hunt/hundert, English hundred/hundred, Gothic hund, Old Norse hundrað, Greek hekaton, Avestan sata, Gaulish cantam, Irish cét/cead, Kashmiri śath, Latin centum, Old Church Slavonic sŭto, Ossetian sædæ, Persian /sad, Polish sto, Russian sto/sotnja, Sanskrit śata, Avestan satem, Tocharian känt/kante, Welsh cant |
| *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- | thousand | Sanskrit sahasram, Avestan hazarəm, Persian /hāzar, Greek khilioi, Latin mīlle, Russian ĉislo, Tocharian wälts/yaltse |
| *túH₁s-ont- | a massive number (-> thousand) |
German þūsunt/tausend, English þusend/thousand, Gothic þusundi, Lithuanian tūkstantis, Latvian tūkstots, Old Church Slavonic tysǫšti, Old Norse þúsund, Polish tysiąc, Russian tysjača, Tocharian tumane/tmām |
[edit] Ordinal Numbers
| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *priH₁-mó- / *prō-to- | foremost (-> first) |
Albanian i parë Avestan pairi, Lithuanian pirmas, Latvian pirmais, German furist/Fürst; fruo/früh, English fyrst/first, Greek prōtos, Hittite para, Avestan paoiriia, Irish er/air, Latin prīmus, Kamviri pürük, Lycian pri, Old Church Slavonic pĭrvŭ, Oscan perum, Old Norse fyrstr, Old Prussian pariy, Ossetian fyccag;farast/farast, Polish pierwszy, Russian pervyj, Sanskrit prathama, Tocharian parwät/parwe, Umbrian pert, Welsh ar |
| *dwo-teró- | second | Greek deúteros, Sanskrit dvitīya, Russian vtoroj |
| *tr̥-tiyó- | third | Greek trítos, Latin tertius, Sanskrit tr̥tīya, Lithuanian trečias, Russian tretij |
| *kʷetwr̥-tó- | fourth | Latin quartus, Lithuanian ketvirtas, Russian chetvjortyj |
| *pn̥kʷ-tó- | fifth | Latin quintus, Lithuanian penktas, Russian pjatyj |
| *sweḱs-tó- | sixth | Latin sextus, Lithuanian šeštas, Greek héktos, Russian shestoj |
| *septm̥-(m)ó- | seventh | Latin septimus, Lithuanian sekmas, Greek hébdomos, Russian sed'moj |
| *H₁oḱtow-ó- | eighth | Latin octavus, Greek ógdoos, Russian (v)os'moj |
| *(H₁)newn̥-(n)ó- | ninth | Latin nonus, Greek énatos, Russian devjatyj |
| *dekm̥-tó- / *dekm̥-(m)ó- | tenth | Latin decimus, Lithuanian dešimtas, Greek dékatos, Russian desjatyj |
