Proto-Indo-European noun
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Proto-Indo-European nouns were declined for eight cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, ablative, locative, vocative). There were three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
There are two major types of declension, thematic and athematic. Thematic nominal stems are formed with a suffix -o- (in vocative -e) and the stem does not undergo ablaut. The athematic stems are more archaic, and they are classified further by their ablaut behaviour (acro-dynamic, protero-dynamic, hystero-dynamic and holo-dynamic, after the positioning of the early PIE accent (dynamis) in the paradigm).
Case endings:
| (Beekes 1995) | (Ramat 1998) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athematic | Thematic | ||||||||||||||
| Masculine and Feminine | Neuter | Masculine and Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Neuter | ||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | Dual | Singular | Plural | Dual | Singular | Plural | Dual | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Dual | Singular | |
| Nominative | -s, 0 | -es | -h₁(e) | -m, 0 | -h₂, 0 | -ih₁ | -s | -es | -h₁e? | 0 | (coll.) -(e)h₂ | -os | -ōs | -oh₁(u)? | -om |
| Accusative | -m | -ns | -ih₁ | -m, 0 | -h₂, 0 | -ih₁ | -m̥ | -m̥s | -h₁e? | 0 | -om | -ons | -oh₁(u)? | -om | |
| Genitive | -(o)s | -om | -h₁e | -(o)s | -om | -h₁e | -es, -os, -s | -ōm | -os(y)o | -ōm | |||||
| Dative | -(e)i | -mus | -me | -(e)i | -mus | -me | -ei | -ōi | |||||||
| Instrumental | -(e)h₁ | -bʰi | -bʰih₁ | -(e)h₁ | -bʰi | -bʰih₁ | -bʰi | -ō | -ōjs | ||||||
| Ablative | -(o)s | -ios | -ios | -(o)s | -ios | -ios | |||||||||
| Locative | -i, 0 | -su | -h₁ou | -i, 0 | -su | -h₁ou | -i, 0 | -su, -si | -oi | -oisu, -oisi | |||||
| Vocative | 0 | -es | -h₁(e) | -m, 0 | -h₂, 0 | -ih₁ | -es | (coll.) -(e)h₂ | |||||||
[edit] See also
