Propaganda in the People's Republic of China

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Chinese poster saying: "Chairman Mao is the Red sun in our hearts.", 1966.
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Chinese poster saying: "Chairman Mao is the Red sun in our hearts.", 1966.

Propaganda in the People's Republic of China (PRC) was prevalent in the early years of the nation after it was founded in 1949.

Contents

[edit] History

The history of communist propaganda in China predates the establishment of the PRC, and it has since manifested itself in various forms, such as songs, paintings, posters, and films. Propaganda produced by the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China of the ruling Communist Party of China (CPC) has been disseminated through state-controlled print and electronic media, and the CPC has made prolific use of the Internet as a means of distributing propaganda to both Chinese citizens and foreigners in the modern age. China Central Television has traditionally served as a major national conduit for televised propaganda, while the People's Daily newspaper has served as a medium for print propaganda.

A poster during the Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius campaign. It reads, "Carry on the criticism of Lin (Biao) and Confucius to the end".
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A poster during the Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius campaign. It reads, "Carry on the criticism of Lin (Biao) and Confucius to the end".

Political scientists believe that propaganda in the PRC is being utilized by the CPC to nurture the development of Chinese nationalism and of loyalty to the PRC, the CPC, and the Beijing government in general. Many also believe that the PRC government, having embarked on a program of capitalist-style economic reform and modernization in the late 1970s, is keen to use propaganda to portray the CPC as a nationalistic and patriotic party, rather than simply as a party that builds socialism or implements Marxism-Leninism in China, since these have largely been abandoned in practice and thus can no longer serve as effective bases for loyalty to the regime. Common themes in the new nationalistic propaganda of the PRC include the lionizing of the CPC's People's Liberation Army and its individual soldiers for their exploits and sacrifices during the 1937-1945 Second Sino-Japanese War and the allegedly seamless unity of the nation's 56 officially recognized ethnic groups.

In previous decades, PRC propaganda was crucial to the formation and promotion of the cult of personality centered around Chairman Mao Zedong. It also served as a useful tool for mobilizing popular participation in national campaigns such as the 1958 Great Leap Forward and the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution. Following the death of Mao in 1976, propaganda was used to blacken the character of the notorious Gang of Four, which was seen as responsible for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Past propaganda also encouraged the Chinese people to emulate selfless model workers and soldiers such as the famous Comrade Lei Feng, suicidal Chinese Civil War hero Dong Cunrui, self-sacrificing Korean War hero Yang Gensi, and Dr. Norman Bethune, a Canadian doctor who assisted the Communist Eighth Route Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It also praised Third World revolutionaries and close foreign allies such as Albania and North Korea while vilifying both the United States "imperialists" and the Soviet "revisionists" (the latter of whom was seen as having betrayed Marxism-Leninism). During the era of economic reform and modernization that was initiated by paramount leader Deng Xiaoping, propaganda promoting "socialism with Chinese characteristics" was distributed. The later reign of President Jiang Zemin saw the creation of propaganda demonizing Falun Gong as a cult and promoting his "Three Represents" theory.

See also: Propaganda of the Republic of China

[edit] Definition of Propaganda

While in the Western world the word propaganda bears negative connotations, the Chinese word "xuanchuan" (Chinese characters: 宣传), which is liberally translated as propaganda, actually means to broadcast or to spread (information), with no negative connotations that would imply bias or untruthfulness. This explains why many English speakers would consider the use of such a term as an outright acknowledgment of the biased nature of Chinese propaganda, although the term can in fact be used in politically neutral contexts. For example, Chinese "propaganda" has also served to raise public awareness about the law, the need for common courtesy, the importance of embracing science and technology, the need to take preventive measures against the SARS disease, and the dangers of the AIDS disease.

For example:

宣传安全知识

(pinyin: xuān chuán ān quán zhī shi) would, in accordance with the literal dictionary definition of "宣传", be translated as propagating public safety awareness. There are absolutely no political connotations surrounding the use of this word, as might be present in

宣传毛泽东思想

(pinyin: xuān chuán máo zé dōng sī xiǎng) or propagating Mao Zedong Thought. This can be likened to the use of Agitprop specifically as political propaganda, and the Spanish word propaganda, which simply means advertising.

[edit] Ideological background

A poster during the Cultural Revolution. The message reads, "The Chinese People's Liberation Army is the great school of Mao Zedong Thought."
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A poster during the Cultural Revolution. The message reads, "The Chinese People's Liberation Army is the great school of Mao Zedong Thought."

In the realm of the arts, the theory of socialist realism that was adopted by the USSR and the PRC of Mao Zedong explicitly states as its goal the education of the people in the objectives and the meaning of the ideology of communism. One of the official goals of the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution in the PRC was "to transform literature and art."

A 1976 propaganda painting depicting the fall of the ROC Nanjing Presidential Palace; incorporates elements of Impressionism and Realism
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A 1976 propaganda painting depicting the fall of the ROC Nanjing Presidential Palace; incorporates elements of Impressionism and Realism

The CPC Central Propaganda Department (pinyin: Zhonggong Zhongyang Xuanchuan Bu, Chinese characters: 中共中央宣传部), together with the state censorship organizations, which include the General Administration of Press and Publication (pinyin: Xinwen Chuban Zongshu, Chinese characters: 新闻出版总署), the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (pinyin: Guangbo Dianying Dianshi Zongju, Chinese characters: 广播电影电视总局), and the State Council Information Office (pinyin: Guowuyuan Xinxi Bangongshi, Chinese characters: 国务院信息办公室), oversee all printing for consistency with official political doctrines under detailed regulations, such as the "Regulations Regarding Strengthening the Administration of Publications Describing Major Party and National Leaders" (1990), which states in part:

The publication and distribution of these types of books and essays must be solemn and discreet. The description of historical facts must be accurate, and the point of view must conform with the spirit of the Party's "Decision Regarding Certain Historical Problems," "Decision Regarding Certain Historical Problems Since the Establishment of the Party" and related Party documents. All responsible agencies and publishing units must strictly guard against violations, and anything that does not conform to the above mentioned requirements may not be published and distributed.

[edit] Censorship

Main article: Internet censorship in mainland China.

[edit] Taiwan terminology

Because the Republic of China on Taiwan previously claimed to be the legal government of all of China and because the PRC accepts neither that the ROC government is a legitimate sovereign entity nor that Taiwan is a separate country, the PRC uses a special set of terminology to describe Taiwan. For example, as a result of the fact that both the ROC and the PRC adhered to the one China policy, the PRC is commonly referred to in both Taiwan and the PRC as "da4 lu4" (大陸）meaning "mainland", or the continent; sometimes, as in Hong Kong, it is also referred to as "nei4 di4" (內地）meaning "interior territory". In both cases, the terms are used to avoid describing the PRC as "China" and the ROC as "Taiwan", as is commonly done in English. When Taiwan joins international organizations, China forces Taiwan to participate under names other than "Republic of China" or "Taiwan", such as Chinese Taipei or " Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Kinmen and Matsu", in order to avoid describing Taiwan as a country.

See also:

[edit] PRC propaganda films

See also: Cinema of China

[edit] Famous propaganda songs

Propaganda songs and music have a long and storied history in the PRC and also in Nepal and Pakistan, and they figured prominently in the popular culture of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Many of these songs were collected and performed as modern rock adaptations for several albums that were released during the 1990s, including "Red Rock" and "Red Sun: Mao Zedong Praise Songs New Revolutionary Medley". The latter sold 6-10 million copies in China (see the external link on "Rethinking Cultural Revolution Culture"). Most of the songs praise Mao, the CPC, the 1949 revolution, the Chinese Red Army and the People's Liberation Army, the unity of the ethnic groups of China, and the various ethnic groups' devotion to Mao and the CPC.

The titles of some of the more well-known propaganda songs are as follows:

Most of the songs listed above are no longer used as propaganda by the CPC, but are exhibited in mainland China as a means of reviving popular nostalgia for the "old times" and sentiments of nationalism/patriotism.

[edit] External links

[edit] References

  • Min, Anchee, Duo, Duo, Landsberger, Stefan R., Chinese Propaganda Posters, 245 x 370 mm, 320 pp., ISBN 3-8228-2619-7 (softcover)
  • Wolf, Michael Chinese Propaganda Posters: From the Collection of Michael Wolf, 2003, ISBN 3-8228-2619-7
  • Harriet Evans, Stephanie Donald (eds.), Picturing Power in the People's Republic of China, ISBN 0-8476-9511-5
  • Stefan Landsberger, Chinese Propaganda Posters: From Revolution to Reform, ISBN 90-5496-009-4
  • Hunter, Edward. Brain-washing in Red China: the calculated destruction of men's minds. New York, N.Y., USA.: Vanguard Press, 1951, 1953,
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