Promethium

Main article: Isotopes of promethium
iso	NA	half-life	DM	DE (MeV)	DP
¹⁴⁵Pm	syn	17.7 y	ε	0.163	¹⁴⁵Nd
¹⁴⁶Pm	syn	5.53 y	ε	1.472	¹⁴⁶Nd
¹⁴⁶Pm	syn	5.53 y	β^-	1.542	¹⁴⁶Sm
¹⁴⁷Pm	syn	2.6234 y	β^-	0.224	¹⁴⁷Sm

References

For other uses, see Promethium (disambiguation).

Promethium (IPA: /prə(ʊ)ˈmiːθiəm/) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pm and atomic number 61.

1 Notable characteristics
2 Applications
3 History
4 Occurrence
5 Compounds
6 Isotopes
- 6.1 Stability of promethium isotopes
7 Precautions
8 References
9 External links

[edit] Notable characteristics

Promethium has one semi-stable isotope (145), it is a soft beta emitter; it does not emit gamma rays, but beta particles impinging on elements of high atomic numbers can generate X-rays. Pure promethium exists in two allotropic forms, and its chemistry is similar to other lanthanides. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow due to their high radioactivity. Promethium can be found in traces in some uranium ores as a fission product.

[edit] Applications

Uses for promethium include:

Beta radiation source for thickness gauges.
Light source for signals that require reliable, independent operation (using phosphor to absorb the beta radiation and produce light).
In a nuclear battery in which photocells convert the light into electric current, yielding a useful life of about five years using 147-Pm.
Possibly in the future as a portable X-ray source, as an auxiliary heat or power source for space probes and satellites.

[edit] History

The existence of promethium was first predicted by Bohuslav Brauner in 1902; this prediction was supported by Henry Moseley in 1914, who found a gap for a missing element which would have atomic number 61, but was unknown (however, Moseley of course had no sample of the element to verify this). Several groups claimed to have produced the element, but they could not confirm their discoveries because of the difficulty of separating promethium from other elements. Promethium was first produced and proved to exist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in 1945 by Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell by separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in the Graphite Reactor; however, being too busy with defense-related research during World War II, they did not announce their discovery until 1947.^[1] The name promethium is derived from Prometheus in Greek mythology, who stole the fire of the sky and gave it to mankind. The name was suggested by Grace Mary Coryell, Charles Coryell's wife, who felt that they were stealing fire from the gods.

In 1963, ion-exchange methods were used at ORNL to prepare about 10 grams of promethium from nuclear reactor fuel processing wastes.

Today, promethium is still recovered from the byproducts of uranium fission; it can also be produced by bombarding ¹⁴⁶Nd with neutrons, turning it into ¹⁴⁷Nd which decays into ¹⁴⁷Pm through beta decay with a half-life of 11 days.

[edit] Occurrence

Promethium can be formed as a product of uranium fission. Only trace amounts can be found in naturally occurring ores: a sample of pitchblende has been found to contain promethium at a concentration of four parts per quintillion (10¹⁸) by mass.^[2]

Promethium has also been identified in the spectrum of the star HR 465 in Andromeda, and possibly HD 101065 (Przybylski's star) and HD 965.^[3]

[edit] Compounds

Promethium compounds include:

Chlorides
- PmCl₃
Bromides
- PmBr₃
Oxides
- Pm₂O₃

[edit] Isotopes

36 radioisotopes of promethium have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁴⁵Pm with a half-life of 17.7 years, ¹⁴⁶Pm with a half-life of 5.53 years, and ¹⁴⁷Pm with a half-life of 2.6234 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 364 days, and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 27 seconds. This element also has 11 meta states with the most stable being ¹⁴⁸Pm^m (T_½ 41.29 days), ¹⁵²Pm^m2 (T_½ 13.8 minutes) and ¹⁵²Pm^m (T_½ 7.52 minutes).

The isotopes of promethium range in atomic weight from 127.9482600 u (¹²⁸Pm) to 162.9535200 u (¹⁶³Pm). The primary decay mode before the longest-lived isotope, ¹⁴⁵Pm, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before ¹⁴⁵Pm are neodymium (Nd) isotopes and the primary products after are samarium (Sm) isotopes.

[edit] Stability of promethium isotopes

Beside technetium, promethium is one of the two elements with atom number less than 80 that solely has unstable isotopes, which is a rarely occurring effect of the liquid drop model and stabilities of neighbor element isotopes.

[edit] Precautions

Promethium must be handled with great care because of its high radioactivity. In particular, promethium can emit X-rays during its beta decay. Note that its half-life is less than that of plutonium-239 by a factor of multiple thousands to tens of thousands. Promethium has no biological role.

[edit] References

^ (2003) "Discovery of Promethium". ORNL Review 36 (1). Retrieved on 2006-09-17.
^ Attrep, Moses, Jr., and P. K. Kuroda (May 1968). "Promethium in pitchblende". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 30 (3): 699–703. DOI:10.1016/0022-1902(68)80427-0.
^ Cowley, C. R., W. P. Bidelman, S. Hubrig, G. Mathys, and D. J. Bord (2004). "On the possible presence of promethium in the spectra of HD 101065 (Przybylski's star) and HD 965". Astronomy & Astrophysics 419: 1087–1093. DOI:10.1051/0004-6361:20035726.