Portuguese verb conjugation
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In Portuguese there are three conjugations. You can distinguish them through the ending of the infinitive of the verbs:
- Verbs ending in -ar belong to the first conjugation (e.g. dar, lavar, matar, ladrar);
- Verbs ending in -er belong to the second conjugation (e.g. correr, comer, colher);
- Verbs ending in -ir belong to the third conjugation (e.g. partir, ir, destruir, urdir);
- The verb pôr is placed in the second conjugation by many authors, since it is derived from Old Portuguese poer (Latin ponere). In any event, it's an irregular verb whose conjugation must be learned on its own. The same applies to derivatives of pôr such as depor, compor, propor, among many others.
The verbs can be conjugated in various tenses:
- Infinitivo (Infinitive)- equivalent to the English 'to do'.
- Gerúndio(Gerund)- equivalent to the English 'doing'.
- Particípio Passado (Past participle)- equivalent to the English 'done'.
- Infinitivo Pessoal (Personal infinitive)- Unique to Portuguese and Galician; an infinitive with the person and number of the agent expressed.
- Indicativo (Indicative)- equivalent to the English 'do' or 'does'.
- Condicional (Conditional)- equivalent to the English 'would do'.
- Subjuntivo/Conjuntivo (Subjunctive)- generally indicating an uncertain situation or an indeterminate condition.
- Imperativo (Imperative)- equivalent to the English form 'do!".
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[edit] First conjugation (cantar)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: cantar
- Gerund: cantando
- Past participle: cantado
- Personal infinitives: cantar, cantares, cantar, cantarmos, cantardes, cantarem
- Indicative
- Present: canto, cantas, canta, cantamos, cantais, cantam
- Imperfect: cantava, cantavas, cantava, cantávamos, cantáveis, cantavam
- Preterite: cantei, cantaste, cantou, cantámos (EP) or cantamos (BP), cantaste, cantaram
- Pluperfect: cantara, cantaras, cantara, cantáramos, cantáreis, cantaram
- Future: cantarei, cantarás, cantará, cantaremos, cantareis, cantarão
- Conditional
- Present:cantaria, cantarias, cantaria, cantaríamos, cantaríeis, cantariam
- Subjunctive
- Present: cante, cantes, cante, cantemos, canteis, cantem
- Imperfect: cantasse, cantasses, cantasse, cantássemos, cantásseis, cantassem
- Future: cantar, cantares, cantar, cantarmos, cantardes, cantarem
- Imperative
- canta (tu), cante (você), cantemos (nós), cantai (vós), cantem (vocês)
[edit] Second conjugation (comer)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: comer
- Gerund: comendo
- Past participle: comido
- Personal infinitives: comer, comeres, comer, comermos, comerdes, comerem
- Indicative
- Present: como, comes, come, comemos, comeis, comem
- Imperfect: comia, comias, comia, comíamos, comíeis, comiam
- Preterite: comi, comeste, comeu, comemos, comestes, comeram
- Pluperfect: comera, comeras, comera, comêramos, comêreis, comeram
- Future: comerei, comerás, comerá, comeremos, comereis, comerão
- Conditional: comeria, comerias, comeria, comeríamos, comeríeis, comeriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: coma, comas, coma, comamos, comais, comam
- Imperfect: comesse, comesses, comesse, comêssemos, comêsseis, comessem
- Future: comer, comeres, comer, comermos, comerdes, comerem
- Imperative
- come (tu), coma (você), comamos (nós), comei (vós), comam (vocês)
[edit] Third conjugation (partir)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: partir
- Gerund: partindo
- Past participle: partido
- Personal infinitives: partir, partires, partir, partirmos, partirdes, partirem
- Indicative
- Present: parto, partes, parte, partimos, partis, partem
- Imperfect: partia, partias, partia, partíamos, partíeis, partiam
- Preterite: parti, partiste, partiu, partimos, partistes, partiram
- Pluperfect: partira, partiras, partira, partíramos, partíreis, partiram
- Future: partirei, partirás, partirá, partiremos, partireis, partirão
- Conditional: partiria, partirias, partiria, partiríamos, partiríeis, partiriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: parta, partas, parta, partamos, partais, partam
- Imperfect: partisse, partisses, partisse, partíssemos, partísseis, partissem
- Future: partir, partires, partir, partirmos, partirdes, partirem
- Imperative
- parte (tu), parta (você), partamos (nós), parti (vós), partam (vocês)
[edit] Quick reference
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Non-Finite Forms | |||||
| Per. | Present | Preterite Perfect | Preterite Imperfect | Preterite Pluperfect | Present | Preterite Imperfect | Infinitive Personal |
| Eu | -o | -ei -i -i |
-ava -ia -ia |
-ara -era -ira |
-e -a -a |
-asse -esse -isse |
-ar -er -ir |
| Tu | -as -es -es |
-aste -este -iste |
-avas -ias -ias |
-aras -eras -iras |
-es -as -as |
-asses -esses -isses |
-ares -eres -ires |
| Ele | -a -e -e |
-ou -eu -iu |
-ava -ia -ia |
-ara -era -ira |
-e -a -a |
-asse -esse -isse |
-ar -er -ir |
| Nós | -amos -emos -imos |
-ámos (EP) or -amos (BP) -emos -imos |
-ávamos -íamos -íamos |
-áramos -êramos -íramos |
-emos -amos -amos |
-ássemos -êssemos -íssemos |
-armos -ermos -irmos |
| Vós | -ais -eis -is |
-astes -estes -istes |
-áveis -íeis -íeis |
-áreis -êreis -íreis |
-eis -ais -ais |
-ásseis -êsseis -ísseis |
-ardes -erdes -irdes |
| Eles | -am -em -em |
-aram -eram -iram |
-avam -iam -iam |
-aram -eram -iram |
-em -am -am |
-assem -essem -issem |
-arem -erem -irem |
| Non-Finite Forms | ||
| Infinitive Impersonal | Past Participle | Present Participle |
| -ar -er -ir |
-ado -ido -ido |
-ando -endo -indo |
[edit] haver
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: haver
- Gerund: havendo
- Past participle: havido
- Personal infinitives: haver, haveres, haver, havermos, haverdes, haverem
- Indicative
- Present: hei, hás, há, havemos or hemos (ancient), haveis or heis (ancient), hão (many native speakers in Portugal say há-des and that is not correct. The correct form to say it is hás-de)
- Imperfect: havia, havias, havia, havíamos, havíeis, haviam
- Preterite: houve, houveste, houve, houvemos, houvestes, houveram
- Pluperfect: houvera, houveras, houvera, houvéramos, houvéreis, houveram
- Future: haverei, haverás, haverá, haveremos, havereis, haverão
- Conditional: haveria, haverias, haveria, haveríamos, haveríeis, haveriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: haja, hajas, haja, hajamos, hajais, hajam
- Imperfect: houvesse, houvesses, houvesse, houvéssemos, houvésseis, houvessem
- Future: houver, houveres, houver, houvermos, houverdes, houverem
- Imperative
- há (tu), haja (você), hajamos (nós), havei (vós), hajam (vocês)
[edit] ter
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: ter
- Gerund: tendo
- Past participle: tido
- Personal infinitives: ter, teres, ter, termos, terdes, terem
- Indicative
- Present: tenho, tens, tem, temos, tendes, têm
- Imperfect: tinha, tinhas, tinha, tínhamos, tínheis, tinham
- Preterite: tive, tiveste, teve, tivemos, tivestes, tiveram
- Pluperfect: tivera, tiveras, tivera, tivéramos, tivéreis, tiveram
- Future: terei, terás, terá, teremos, tereis, terão
- Conditional: teria, terias, teria, teríamos, teríeis, teriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: tenha, tenhas, tenha, tenhamos, tenhais, tenham
- Imperfect: tivesse, tivesses, tivesse, tivéssemos, tivésseis, tivessem
- Future: tiver, tiveres, tiver, tivermos, tiverdes, tiverem
- Imperative
- tem (tu), tenha (você), tenhamos (nós), tende (vós), tenham (vocês)
[edit] ser
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: ser
- Gerund: sendo
- Past participle: sido
- Personal infinitives: ser, seres, ser, sermos, serdes, serem
- Indicative
- Present: sou, és, é, somos, sois, são
- Imperfect: era, eras, era, éramos, éreis, eram
- Preterite: fui, foste, foi, fomos, fostes, foram
- Pluperfect: fora, foras, fora, fôramos, fôreis, foram
- Future: serei, serás, será, seremos, sereis, serão
- Conditional: seria, serias, seria, seríamos, seríeis, seriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: seja, sejas, seja, sejamos, sejais, sejam
- Imperfect: fosse, fosses, fosse, fôssemos, fôsseis, fossem
- Future: for, fores, for, formos, fordes, forem
- Imperative
- sê (tu), seja (você), sejamos (nós), sede (vós), sejam (vocês)
[edit] estar
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: estar
- Indicative
- Present: estou, estás, está, estamos, estais, estão
- Subjunctive
- Imperative
[edit] Conditional and Future Imperfect
There are few irregular verbs for these tenses (only dizer, fazer, trazer, and their compounds - also haver, ter, ser, ir, pôr, estar, etc. - for the Subjunctive Future Imperfect). The Indicative Future Imperfect, Conditional and Subjunctive Future Perfect tenses are formed by adding to the infinitive the Indicative Present inflections of the auxiliary verb haver (dropping the h and av), the 2nd/3rd conjugation endings of the Preterit Imperfect and the Personal Infinitive endings, respectively. Thus, for the majority of the verbs, the Simple Personal Infinitive coincides with Subjunctive Future Imperfect.
[edit] Imperative
The affirmative imperative for second person pronouns tu and vós is obtained from the present indicative, by deletion of the final -s (in some cases, an accent mark must be added to the vowel which precedes it). For other persons, and for negative clauses, the present subjunctive takes the role of imperative.
[edit] Present inflections pronunciation
In this tense, the stress fluctuates between the root and the termination. As a rule of thumb, the last radical vowel (the one that can be stressed) will retain its original pronunciation when unstressed (atonic) and change into [a], [e] (Subjunctive or Indicative 1st pers sing)/[ɛ] (Infinitive), or [o] (Subjunctive or Indicative 1st pers sing)/[ɔ] (Infinitive) - depending on the vowel in question - in case it is stressed (is in a tonic syllable). Other vowels (u, i) and nasalized sounds will probably stay unchanged. Examples: See the conjugation of comer [-u-] above, in the Indicative Present Simple. The o will assume three values [u], [o] and [ɔ]. Compare with absorver [-ɔ-]. It will be conjugated as [ɐ·ˈbsoɾ·vu], [ɐ·ˈbsɔɾ·vɨʃ], [ɐ·ˈbsɔɾ·vɨ], [ɐ·bsɔɾ·ˈve·muʃ], [ɐ·bsɔɾ·ˈvɐjʃ], [ɐ·ˈbsɔɾ·vɐ̃j]. The value [u] is not assumed in this case. This also has repercussions in the Imperative, for its inflections are constructed from the Indicative Present Simple.
