Pollution at Morgan's Point (Bermuda)
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The former US Navy Annex, located on Morgan's Point, was returned to Bermuda in 1995 with the premature termination of a 99 year lease. The base had functioned as a way station for ships and seaplanes for over 50 years but the end of the Cold War saw cutbacks in troop deployment throughout the world and the base was no longer needed[1].
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[edit] Discovery of Pollution
The military base, being a self-contained municipality and obeying the laws of its home county, had been very detached from the rest of the island. Without feeling a strong connection to the nation, and knowing that their presence was only temporary, the full costs of disposing of sewage and waste fuel on the base was likely never calculated. A confidential 2002 report by the Department of Environmental Protection of the Ministry of the Environment estimated that 520,000 gallons of oil and several tons of raw sewage had been pumped into Bassett’s Cave on the former NAS Annex, and a further 55,000 gallons of jet fuel pumped underground 200 ft away. In the decade since the pollution was discovered it has been left almost totally undisturbed. The base is very rarely opened to the public, and all talk of developing the lands has been stonewalled by the Government. The cave formation has kept the oil somewhat contained and the now abandoned base has not been opened to development for fear that the pollution may spread and have catastrophic costs.
[edit] Damage to the Caves
Often described as a "biodiversity hotspot", the isolation of these caves for thousands of years has lead to the formation of 75 endemic stygobitic species (including 6 species of shrimp), 25 of which are considered critically endangered[2]. Beyond their value as unique organisms, their total isolation provides an exceptional biological microcosm fit for study which could yield "unfathomed benefits"[3], particularly in regards to the formation and evolution of moderately complex organisms. Bassett's Cave is now so heavily polluted that nothing lives in its water, but some people fear that unless the pollution is cleaned up it may spread further into the island's cave system and damage currently pristine habitats[4].
The caves also serve as a geological record, detailing the formation of the islands since the end of the last ice age and the Pleistocene Epoch. The intricate systems, few of which have been explored and even fewer mapped, offer clues to Bermuda's geological past that may be forever erased should the oil spread deep into the caves. On an island infatuated with its heritage, the loss of its natural past would certainly be tragic.
[edit] Potential Damage to the Water Supply
The oil and fuel to Bermuda's water supply comes with a better defined cost. The majority of Bermuda's potable water is collected by each household, using the roof as a water catchment (treated with lime or non-toxic paint to keep the water as clean as possible) rainwater is funneled in tanks under every house. By law a house must collect 80 percent of the water that falls on its roof. However, residents of apartment buildings must find another source of fresh water on the island. There are no natural rivers, springs, or freshwater ponds, but the peculiar geology of the island had led to the formation of four underground "lenses" of freshwater where rainwater has permeated the limestone island and been caught on the impermeable volcanic rock beneath. These lenses, being the only viable source of water for all commercial and industrial uses and for the domestic use of thousands of residents living in apartment and condominium complexes, are pumped for 1.5 million gallons of fresh water a day. During times of drought when house tanks are running dry this water is sold and delivered at roughly $60 per 1000 gallon truckload, giving it a value of $90,000 per day, and a present value of over $500 million, depending on the long-term interest rate.
While the oil has remained somewhat contained within Bassett's Cave for at least the last 10 years, it is feared that the cave will not hold the pollution indefinitely. Hurricanes are the primary fear, as one of significant strength with winds from the north may be able to rupture the cave and release its contents. Without providing an exact estimate the Ministry of the Environment has deemed the probability of this event to be significant and has urged that action be taken to secure the pollutants. In addition Dr. Kent Simmons, chief scientist in charge of environmental programs at the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, notes that some amount of oil has already seeped into the ground water and is migrating[5].
[edit] Alternative Water Souces
Should the oil and fuel escape from their caves, the Ministry of Environment deems it probable that the underground freshwater lens would be contaminated and undrinkable. The destruction of the two West-End lenses would cut the supplemental pumped supply by 2/5, creating catastrophic water shortages in the summer months, and forcing both severe water conservation programs and investment in another source of fresh water to meet the highly inelastic demand. The only foreseen alternative is a desalination or reverse osmosis plant, the most efficient of which can provide fresh water at $2000 per acre foot. However, when one considers that the price of energy in Bermuda is 6.3 times as high as it is in the USA (a function of Bermuda having no domestic energy source), that there is no natural resource or heavy industry to provide supplemental heat, and that with a population of only 65,000 the plant could not utilize economies of scale, it seems probable that costs could exceed $25,000 per acre foot (7.5 cents per gallon)(See domestic energy prices offered by BELCO. For comparison, American prices. Pantell's analysis of Desalination costs). Furthermore it is difficult to predict the capital cost of a desalination plant, as such plants typically produce millions of gallons per day and facilities as small as that which Bermuda would require are difficult to find for comparisons. Given the cost of labor, unskilled construction at $20/hour; the cost of imported construction materials, as all construction materials are imported; the value of property at over $200 per square foot[6]); and the total lack of piping infrastructure it is clear that the initial cost of a desalination or reverse osmosis plant would be crippling.
[edit] Costs of Inaction
On top of the threat the one of the islands primary water sources is an opportunity cost to not abating the pollution. The land cannot be developed in its current state as significant construction of any kind would likely disturb the oil filled cave and contaminate the underground freshwater lens. The commercial value of the 25 acre site, should it be open for development, is not trivial. Currently all bids have remained private, the details known only to the developers and Government officials, but most real estate professionals estimate that bids are ranging from $30 to $50 million dollars.
[edit] Cost of Abatement
The cost of the pollution cleanup has remained largely unknown, making potential investors somewhat fearful that any contract they sign may come with massive hidden costs. However, the best estimate of cleanup costs comes from an internal report of a study conducted by the Department of Environmental Protection in 2002. Tom Sleeter, director of the Department of Environmental Protection reports that the cleanup is estimated to cost $14.75 million over the course of 24 months.
[edit] References
BELCO (2005). How Your Rates are Calculated: Rate Schedules. BELCO Holdings Limited. Retrieved on 2006-5-1.
BAMZ (2001). Bermuda Introduction. Retrieved on 2006-5-1.
BAMZ (2001). Bermuda's Caves - A Biodiversity Hotspot. Retrieved on 2006-5-1.
Bermuda's Environment. Bermuda Online (2006-4-29). Retrieved on 2006-05-01.
Housing and Real Estate. Bermuda Island Pages (2005-10). Retrieved on 2006-5-01.
Breen, Stephen. "US Deal Clears the Way for Morgan’s Point Developers", The Royal Gazette, 2002-3-21.
EIA (2005-10). Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved on 2006-5-1.
Kent, Jonathan. "Scientist calls for action to clean up 'toxic soup'", The Royal Gazette, 2002-3-21. Retrieved on 2006-11-6.
Pantell, Susan E. (2003-8). "Seawater Desalination in California" (HTML). California Coastal Commission. Retrieved on 2006-11-6.
Theriault, Tania. "Island caves face extinction, warns scientist", The Royal Gazette, 2002-1-17.
Walters, Tricia. "US Winfield: Top golf course would help Island's image", The Royal Gazette, 2005-11-14.
Ziral, James, Liz Jones. Let's explain Bermuda: Water, Water, Use It with Care The Insider’s Guide. 2nd ed..
