Podocarpus

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iPodocarpus
Podocarpus neriifolius
Podocarpus neriifolius
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Podocarpaceae
Genus: Podocarpus
Labill.
Species

105 species (Farjon 1998); see list

Podocarpus is a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family Podocarpaceae. The 105 species of Podocarpus are evergreen shrubs or trees from 1-25 m (rarely to 40 m) in height. The leaves are 0.5-15 cm long, lanceolate to oblong, falcate (sickle-shaped) in some species, with a distinct midrib, and are arranged spirally, though in some species twisted to appear in two horizontal ranks. The cones have two to five fused scales, of which only one, rarely two, are fertile, each fertile scale with one apical seed. At maturity, the scales become berry-like, swollen, brightly coloured red to purple and fleshy, and are eaten by birds which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. The male (pollen) cones are 5-20 mm long, often clustered several together. Many species, though not all, are dioecious.

Podocarpus macrophyllus with mature seed cones
Enlarge
Podocarpus macrophyllus with mature seed cones

Podocarpus and the Podocarpaceae were endemic to the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which broke up into Africa, South America, India, Australia-New Guinea, New Zealand, and New Caledonia between 105 and 45 million years ago. Podocarpus is a characteristic tree of the Antarctic flora, which originated in the cool, moist climate of southern Gondwana, and elements of the flora survive in the humid temperate regions of the former supercontinent. As the continents drifted north and became drier and hotter, Podocarps and other members of the Antarctic flora generally retreated to humid regions, especially in Australia, where sclerophyll genera like Acacia and Eucalyptus became predominant, and the old Antarctic flora retreated to pockets that presently cover only 2% of the continent. As Australia drifted north toward Asia, the collision pushed up the Indonesian archipelago and the mountains of New Guinea, which allowed podocarp species to hop across the narrow straits into humid Asia, with P. macrophyllus reaching north to southern China and Japan. The flora of Malesia, which includes the Malay peninsula, Indonesia, the Philippines, and New Guinea, is generally derived from Asia but includes many elements of the old Gondwana flora, including several other genera in the Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Nageia, Phyllocladus, and the Malesian endemic Sundacarpus), and also Agathis in the Araucariaceae.

[edit] Classification

There are two subgenera, subgenus Podocarpus and subgenus Foliolatus, distinguished by cone and seed morphology.

Subgenus Podocarpus. Cone not subtended by lanceolate bracts, seed usually with an apical ridge. Distributed in the temperate forests of Tasmania, New Zealand, southern Chile, with some species extending into the tropical highlands of Africa and the Americas.

Subgenus Foliolatus. Cone subtended by two lanceolate bracts ("foliola"), seed usually without an apical ridge. Generally tropical and subtropical distribution, concentrated in east and southeast Asia and Malesia, overlapping with subgenus Podocarpus in northeastern Australia and New Caledonia.

Species in family Podocarpaceae have been reshuffled a number of times based on genetic and physiological evidence, with many species formerly assigned to genus Podocarpus now assigned to other genera. A sequence of classification schemes have moved species between Nageia and Podocarpus, and in 1969 de Laubenfels divided the huge genus Podocarpus into Dacrycarpus, Decussocarpus (an invalid name he later revised to the valid Nageia), Prumnopitys, and Podocarpus.

Species
  • Subgenus Podocarpus
    • section Podocarpus (eastern and southern Africa)
    • section Scytopodium (Madagascar, eastern Africa)
      • Podocarpus capuronii
      • Podocarpus henkelii
      • Podocarpus humbertii
      • Podocarpus madagascariensis
      • Podocarpus rostratus
    • section Australis (southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, southern Chile)
    • section Crassiformis (northeast Queensland)
      • Podocarpus smithii
    • section Capitulatis (central Chile, southern Brazil, the Andes from northern Argentina to Ecuador)
      • Podocarpus glomeratus
      • Podocarpus lambertii
      • Podocarpus parlatorei
      • Podocarpus salignus
      • Podocarpus sellowii
      • Podocarpus sprucei
      • Podocarpus transiens
    • section Pratensis (southeast Mexico to Guyana and Peru)
      • Podocarpus oleifolius
      • Podocarpus pendulifolius
      • Podocarpus tepuiensis
    • section Lanceolatis (southern Mexico, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Venezuela to highland Bolivia)
      • Podocarpus coriaceus
      • Podocarpus matudai
      • Podocarpus rusbyi
      • Podocarpus salicifolius
      • Podocarpus steyermarkii
    • section Pumilis (southern Caribbean islands and Guyana highlands)
      • Podocarpus angustifolius
      • Podocarpus aristulatus
      • Podocarpus buchholzii
      • Podocarpus roraimae
      • Podocarpus urbanii
    • section Nemoralis (central and northern South America, south to Bolivia)
      • Podocarpus brasiliensis
      • Podocarpus celatus
      • Podocarpus guatemalensis
      • Podocarpus magnifolius
      • Podocarpus purdieanus
      • Podocarpus trinitensis
  • Subgenus Foliolatus
    • section Foliolatus (Nepal to Sumatra, Philippines, and New Guinea to Tonga)
      • Podocarpus archboldii
      • Podocarpus beecherae
      • Podocarpus borneensis
      • Podocarpus deflexus
      • Podocarpus insularis
      • Podocarpus levis
      • Podocarpus neriifolius
      • Podocarpus novae-caledoniae
      • Podocarpus pallidus
      • Podocarpus rubens
      • Podocarpus spathoides
    • section Acuminatus (northern Queensland, New Guinea, New Britain, Borneo)
      • Podocarpus dispermus
      • Podocarpus ledermannii
      • Podocarpus micropedunculatis
    • section Globulus (Taiwan to Vietnam, Sumatra and Borneo, and New Caledonia)
      • Podocarpus annamiensis
      • Podocarpus globulus
      • Podocarpus lucienii
      • Podocarpus nakai
      • Podocarpus sylvestris
      • Podocarpus teysmannii
    • section Longifoliolatus (Sumatra and Borneo, East to Fiji)
      • Podocarpus atjehensis
      • Podocarpus bracteatus
      • Podocarpus confertus
      • Podocarpus decumbens
      • Podocarpus degeneri
      • Podocarpus gibbsii
      • Podocarpus longifoliolatus
      • Podocarpus polyspermus
      • Podocarpus pseudobracteatus
      • Podocarpus salomoniensis
    • section Gracilis (southern China, across Malesia to Fiji)
      • Podocarpus affinis
      • Podocarpus glaucus
      • Podocarpus lophatus
      • Podocarpus pilgeri
      • Podocarpus rotundus
    • section Macrostachyus (Southeast Asia to New Guinea)
      • Podocarpus brassii
      • Podocarpus brevifolius
      • Podocarpus costalis
      • Podocarpus crassigemmis
      • Podocarpus tixieri
    • section Rumphius (Hainan, south through Malesia to northern Queensland)
      • Podocarpus grayii
      • Podocarpus laubenfelsii
      • Podocarpus rumphii
    • section Polystachyus (southern China and Japan, through Malaya to New Guinea and northeast Australia)
    • section Spinulosus (Southeast and Southwest coasts of Australia)

[edit] Uses

Several species of Podocarpus are grown as garden trees, or trained into hedges, espaliers, or screens. Common garden species used for their attractive deep green foliage and neat habits include P. macrophyllus, known by its Japanese name Kusamaki, or occasionally as "buddhist pine" or "fern pine", P. salignus from Chile, and for a small shrub with attractive red "berries", P. nivalis. Some members of the genera Nageia, Prumnopitys and Afrocarpus are also still sold mislabeled as Podocarpus.

[edit] References and external links

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