Peter Hart
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Peter Hart is a Canadian-born historian, specialising in modern Irish History.
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[edit] Works
He has written three books to date on what he terms the "Irish Revolution" of 1919-23 (more commonly referred to as the Irish War of Independence 1919-21 and the Irish Civil War 1922-23.).
The first of these books is titled, "The IRA and its Enemies, community and conflict in county Cork". This is an in-depth study of the organisation, social composition and actions of the Irish Republican Army in County Cork during the War of Independence.
Hart has since published another book, titled "the IRA at War 1916-23" is a collection of essays on various social, political and military aspects of the IRA in these years.
Peter Hart’s latest work is a biography of Michael Collins (Irish leader), which is titled simply, "Mick".
Hart has also contributed to the volume, "The Irish Revolution", which is a collection of articles by various historians of the period.
[edit] Controversy
A number of the cliams Hart has made in his books have attracted controversy.
[edit] Kilmichael ambush
Hart has attracted criticism for his chapter on the Kilmichael Ambush of November 1920, in which he argues that IRA commander Tom Barry killed wounded British Auxiliaries after they had surrendered. Barry's eyewitness account of the event states that the Auxiliaries made a false surrender, killing IRA volunteers who stood to take it, after which he ordered that no prisoners should be taken, on the basis that a right ot surrender had been forfeited. Hart argues that this is fabrication and that Barry had the wounded Auxiliaries killed after they had surrendered. He cites anonymous interviews he conducted with two IRA veterans of the ambush and an unsigned typed account of the encounter from British records purporting to be the 'Rebel Commandant's Report'. Historian Meda Ryan has cast doubt on the veracity of Hart's sources. She points out in her "Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter" (Mercier 2003, 5) that Hart dates an interview with a veteran (named 'AF') of the ambush six days after the last veteran, Ned Young, died on November 13, 1989. Besides Young, who was impaired in the his declining years, there were no other surviving veterens during the timeframe of Hart's anonymous interviews. Ryan dismissed as a British forgery the 'Rebel Commandant's Report'. Ryan argues that the account contains knowledge, as to an Auxiliary (Guthrie) being "missing" and as to the precise quantity of British arms, known only to the British and unknown to Barry. The 'Report' also contains errors of fact regarding the sequences of events and Irish fatalities in the ambush, which were known to Barry but clearly unknown to the author of the account. The 'Report' states that one IRA Volunteer was killed outright at the ambush and that two died later of their wounds. The opposite is in fact the case. Ryan suggests that this is not something Barry would be likely to get wrong. The war of words between Hart and other historians, including Ryan, has yet to reach a conclusion.
[edit] Dunmanway killings
Another controversial aspect of "The IRA and its Enemies" is Hart's claim that the IRA in Cork undertook a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Protestants before and after the truce that ended hostilities with Britain in July 1921. In particular Hart pointed to the killing of 12 Protestants in Dunmanway in April 1922 to support his thesis. Again, this is contentious, as Meda Ryan and another historian Brian Murphy point to the omission by Hart of relevant information. For instance, Hart quotes a sentence from a British intelligence assessment, "The Record of the Rebellion in the 6th Divisional Area", to bolster his view that the shootings were sectarian, but left out a sentence immediately following indicating that they were not. Brian Murphy pointed this out in his review of "The IRA and its Enemies" in 1998. Ryan revealed that the names of those shot were on list of “helpful citizens” left behind by British Auxiliaries after they evacuated their quarters in Dunmanway Workhouse. Hart did not have access to these names and made assumptions about the victims of the April 1922 shootings. All sides of then divided – by the terms of the Treaty - republican opinion united publicly to denounce the killings, as they broke the terms of an amnesty for former spies and informers.
In addition, in a critique of Peter Hart's use of sources, in "The Origin and Organisation of British Propaganda in Ireland in 1920" (2006, Aubane/Spinwatch), Murphy points out that Hart's subsequent editorship of ‘The Record...’ omitted an entire section, on 'The People'. This section demonstrated British racist attitudes toward the Irish, but also, significantly, did not allege that their enemy was sectarian. Peter Hart failed to inform the reader of this omission, though other less contentious omissions were signalled.
[edit] Ethnic cleansing
Hart's subsequent book, "The IRA at War 1916-23" contains the claim that republican actions during the civil war could be described as ethnic cleansing. In a letter to the Irish Times in June 2006 Peter Hart claimed that he had never used the term “ethnic cleansing”. The US historian, John Borgonovo, replied (July 14 2006):
“Dr Peter Hart's letter of June 28th stated: "I have never argued that 'ethnic cleansing' took place in Cork or elsewhere" during the War of Independence. That is not accurate. In his article "The Protestant Experience of Revolution in Southern Ireland" (in Unionism and Modern Ireland, Gill & MacMillan, 1996), [republished in 2003 in ‘The IRA at War’] Dr Hart wrote of this period: "Similar campaigns of what might be termed 'ethnic cleansing' were waged in parts of King's and Queen's Counties, South Tipperary, Leitrim, Mayo, Limerick, Westmeath, Louth, and Cork".
"He also compared the Irish Revolution to Bosnia and "the postwar 'unmixing' of people in Europe". Dr Hart's landmark book ‘The IRA and its Enemies’ essentially attributed the shooting of Protestant civilians in Cork to the IRA's "fear of a desire for revenge", rather than the actual guilt of those victims. I disagree.
"My upcoming book Spies, Informers, and the "Anti-Sinn Féin Society" studies the executions of suspected informers in Cork city during 1920-1921. Of the IRA's 30 civilian killings, five victims were Protestant and 19 were ex-servicemen.
"The latter number should be placed in the context of the city's large ex-soldier population, which included over 5,500 veterans of the first World War. Overall, my research revealed no IRA campaign against the city's Protestant, unionist and ex-servicemen institutions and leaders.
"Among Cork's executed "spies", clear evidence linked some of them to the crown forces, while others were shot without any explanation. Today it is impossible to establish guilt in many cases. British records about informants are fragmented, incomplete, and often unreliable. IRA records were destroyed during the conflict for security reasons. However, surviving documentation indicates the Cork city IRA only targeted civilians it believed were passing information to the crown forces.
"The Cork city Volunteers certainly had the means to identify local citizens working with British forces. Volunteers systematically intercepted mail, tapped phone lines and monitored telegraphs around the city. Republican spies and sympathisers could be found in key workplaces throughout the town. IRA intelligence officers closely watched British bases and personnel. One IRA spy penetrated the British army's Cork command at its highest level, and had access to sensitive information that we must assume included the identities of local civilian informants. Her story can be found in Florence and Josephine O'Donoghue's War of Independence, which I edited.”
