PBY Catalina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| PBY Catalina | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| PBY-5 Catalina landing at NAS Jacksonville. | |
| Type | patrol bomber |
| Manufacturer | Consolidated Aircraft |
| Maiden flight | 28 March 1935 |
| Introduced | 1936, USN |
| Retired | 1967, USNR |
| Primary users | US Navy USAAF Royal Navy |
| Produced | 1936-1945 |
| Number built | 4,051 (est.) |
PBY Catalina was the United States Navy designation for an American and Canadian-built flying boat of the 1930s and 1940s. PB stands for Patrol Bomber, with Y being Consolidated Aircraft’s manufacturer identification. It could be equipped with depth charges, bombs, torpedoes, and .50 caliber machine guns and was one of the most widely used multi-role aircraft of World War II. Catalinas served with every branch of the US military and in the air forces and navies of many other nations. In the United States Army Air Forces and later in the USAF Strategic Air Command their designation was the OA-10 while Canadian-built PBYs were known by the nickname Canso.
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[edit] Background
In World War II, PBYs were used as anti-submarine warfare aircraft, patrol bombers, convoy escorts, search and rescue aircraft, and transports. The Catalina can be considered the most successful aircraft of its kind, as no other flying boat was produced in greater numbers. The last active military Catalinas were not retired from service until the 1980s. Even today, over seventy years after its first flight, the aircraft continues to fly as an airtanker in aerial firefighting operations all over the world.
The Catalina was originally designed to be a patrol bomber, an aircraft with a long operational range intended to locate and attack enemy transport ships at sea in order to compromise enemy supply lines. With a mind to a potential conflict in the Pacific Ocean, where troops would require resupply over great distances, the US Navy in the 1930s invested millions of dollars in developing long-range flying boats for this purpose. Flying boats had the advantage of not requiring runways to take off and land, in effect having the entire ocean available as its runway. Several different flying boats were adopted by the Navy, but the PBY Catalina was the most widely used and produced.
Although slow and ungainly, Catalinas distinguished themselves in World War II as exceptionally reliable aircraft. Allied armed forces used them successfully in a wide variety of roles that the aircraft was never intended for. They are remembered most by veterans of the war for their role as rescuing aircraft, where they saved the lives of thousands of aircrewmen shot down over the Pacific Ocean.
[edit] Prototyping and development
As American dominance in the Pacific Ocean began to face competition from Japan in the 1930s, the U.S. Navy contracted Consolidated Aircraft and Douglas Aircraft Corporation in October 1933 to build competing prototypes for a patrol flying boat. Naval doctrine of the 1930s and 1940s used flying boats in a wide variety of roles that today are handled by multiple special-purpose aircraft. The US Navy had adopted the Consolidated P2Y and Martin P3M models for this role in 1931, but both aircraft proved to be underpowered and hampered by short ranges and low maximum payloads.
Consolidated and Douglas both delivered single prototypes of their designs, the XP3Y-1 and XP3D-1, respectively. Consolidated's XP3Y-1 was an evolution of the XPY-1 design that had originally competed unsuccessfully for the P3M contract two years earlier and of the XP2Y design that the Navy had authorized for a limited production run. Although the Douglas aircraft was a good design, the Navy opted for Consolidated's prototype because the projected cost was only $90,000 per plane.
Consolidated's XP3Y-1 design (designated "Model 28" within the company) was revolutionary in many ways. The aircraft had a parasol wing with internal bracing that allowed the wing to be a virtual cantilever, except for two small streamlined struts on each side. Stabilizing floats that could be retracted in flight to form streamlined wingtips were another aerodynamic innovation. The two-step hull design was similar to that of the P2Y, but the Model 28 had a cantilever cruciform tail unit instead of a strut-braced twin tail. Cleaner aerodynamics gave the Model 28 improved performance compared to earlier designs.
The powerplant for the prototype was comprised of two 825 hp (615 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830-54 Twin Wasp engines mounted on the wing’s leading edges. Armament comprised four 0.30 in (7.62 mm) Browning machine guns and up to 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs.
The XP3Y-1 had its first flight on 28 March 1935 after which it was transferred to the US Navy for service trials. The XP3Y-1 soon proved to have significant performance improvements over current patrol flying boats. The US Navy requested further development in order to bring the aircraft into the category of patrol-bomber, and in October 1935 the prototype was returned to Consolidated for further work. The work included installation of 900 hp (671 kW) R-1830-64 engines. For the redesignated XPBY-1, Consolidated introduced redesigned vertical tail surfaces. XPBY-1 had its maiden flight on 19 May 1936, during which a record non-stop distance flight of 3,443 miles (5,541 km) was achieved.
The XPBY-1 was delivered to US Navy Squadron VP-11F in October 1936. The second squadron to be equipped was Squadron VP-12, which received the first of its aircraft in early 1937. The second production order was placed on 25 July 1936. Over the next three years, the PBY design would be gradually improved and successive models introduced.
[edit] Mass-produced U.S. Navy* variants
| Model | Production period & distinguishing features | Quantity |
|---|---|---|
| PBY-1 | September 1936 - June 1937 Original production model. |
60 |
| PBY-2 | May 1937 - February 1938 Minor alterations to tail structure, hull reinforcements. |
50 |
| PBY-3 | November 1936 - August 1938 Higher power engines. |
66 |
| PBY-4 | May 1938 - June 1939 Higher power engines, propeller spinners, acrylic glass blisters over waist guns (some later units). |
32 |
| PBY-5 | September 1940 - July 1943 Higher power engines (using higher octane fuel), discontinued use of propeller spinners, standardized waist gun blisters. |
684 |
| PBY-5A | October 1941 - January 1945 Hydraulically-actuated, retractable tricycle landing gear for amphibious operation. Introduced tail gun position, replaced bow single gun position with bow "eyeball" turret equipped with twin .30 machine guns (some later units), improved armor, self-sealing fuel tanks.[1] |
802 |
| PBY-6A | January 1945 - May 1945 Incorporated changes from PBN-1[2], including a taller vertical tail, increased wing strength for greater carrying capacity, new electrical system, standardized "eyeball" turret, and a radome over cockpit for radar. |
175 |
* Approximately 4051 Catalinas, Cansos, GSTs and other variants were produced between June 1937 and May 1945 on non-US Navy contracts for the USAAF, US Coast Guard, Allied nations, and civilian customers.
[edit] Naval Aircraft Factory production
The Naval Aircraft Factory made significant modifications to the PBY design, many of which would have significantly interrupted deliveries had they been incorporated on the Consolidated production lines.[3] The new aircraft, officially known as the PBN-1 Nomad, had several differences from the basic PBY. The most visually apparent upgrades were to the bow, sharpened and extended two feet, and to the tail, which was enlarged and featured a new shape. Other improvements included larger fuel tanks, increasing range by 50%, and stronger wings permitting a 2,000 lb (908 kg) heavier gross weight. An auxiliary power unit was installed, along with a modernized electrical system, and the weapons were upgraded with continuous-feed mechanisms.[3]
The majority (138) of the 156 PBN-1s produced served with the Russian Navy. The remaining 18 aircraft were assigned to training units at NAS Whidbey Island and NAF Newport.[4] Later, improvements found in the PBN-1 – notably, the larger tail – were incorporated into the amphibious PBY-6A.
[edit] Distribution to the Allies
- See also: List of PBY Catalina operators
[edit] Australia
The Royal Australian Air Force ordered its first PBY-5 Catalinas in 1940. By the end of the war the RAAF had taken delivery of 168 Catalinas. The RAAF used Catalinas in a wide range of roles including reconnaissance and anti-submarine patrols, offensive mine-laying and air-sea rescue. In addition, RAAF Catalina aircraft were used to transport Australian personnel back to Australia at the end of the war. The RAAF retired its last Catalina aircraft in 1952.[5]
[edit] Canada
Canada had its own close associations with the Catalina, both as a manufacturer and customer. Under an agreement reached between the Canadian and US governments, production lines were laid down in Canada, by Boeing Aircraft of Canada (as the PB2B-1) in Vancouver, and by Canadian Vickers (PBV-1) at the Canadair plant in Cartierville. Canadian aircraft were known as the “Canso”.[2]
[edit] New Zealand
From 1942 New Zealand used 56 Catalinas in the South Pacific, to replace the Short Singapore with the Royal New Zealand Air Force's 5 Squadron and 6 Squadron, initially operating out of Hobsonville and Fiji on maritime patrol and air-sea rescue roles. Additional aircraft were used by 490 (NZ) Squadron in the anti submarine role during the battle of the Atlantic. 490 squadron operated Catalinas out of Jui in East Africa from 1943 until they were superseded by Short Sunderlands in 1944. When Sunderland MR Mk 5s replaced the New Zealand based Catalinas, two of the ex-RNZAF machines was transferred to TEAL for crew training - one, ZK- AMP - made pioneering air survey flights throughout the Pacific. The last RNZAF Catalinas were retired in 1953 and all had been sold or scrapped by the end of 1956.[1] [2] An airworthy Catalina in 6 Squadron markings is privately owned. [3] The Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum is restoring a former fire training Catalina.
[edit] Soviet Union
The Soviet Union had shown an interest in the aircraft and this resulted in an order for three aircraft and the negotiation of a licence to build the type in Russia. When these three machines were delivered they were accompanied by a team of Consolidated engineers who assisted in establishment of the Russian production facilities. This aircraft model, designated the "GST", was powered by two Mikulin M-62 radial engines with a power rating of 900 to 1,000 hp (671 to 746 kW). The first of these GSTs was put into service towards the end of 1939. It is estimated that hundreds more were put into service with the Soviet navy. Russia also received 137 of the PBN-1 Nomad variant of the Catalina built by the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia along with 48 PBY-6As under the Lend-Lease Act .
[edit] United Kingdom
The British Air Ministry purchased a single aircraft for evaluation purposes, the Model 28-5. This was flown across the Atlantic Ocean to the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment at Felixstowe on the East Anglian coast of England in July 1939. With the outbreak of war anticipated, the trials were terminated prematurely, and an initial 50 aircraft were ordered under the designation "Catalina I". These aircraft were similar to the US Navy's PBY-5s except for the installation of British armament. The name "Catalina" had been used by Consolidated for their commercial sales prior to the British order, and was eventually adopted by the US Navy on October 1, 1941.[2]
Initial deliveries of the Royal Air Force's Catalinas began in early 1941 and these entered service with No. 209 and No. 240 squadrons of Coastal Command. In all, nine squadrons of Coastal Command were equipped with the Catalina, as were an additional 12 squadrons overseas. The total acquisition was approximately 700 spread over the following designations: Catalina Mk I, Mk IA (PBY-5A amphibian in RCAF service only), Mk IB, Mk II, Mk III, Mk IVB (Canadian built PBY-5, the PB2B-1), Mk IV, and Mk VI (a PBN-1 style tall tail version built in Canada). The Catalina Mk V which would have been PBN-1s were a cancelled order.
In British service the Catalina was fitted with .303 inch guns, typically a Vickers K at the front and Browning MGs in the waist positions. Some received the Leigh light to aid anti-submarine warfare by night.
Between 1940 and 1945 seven former RAF examples were used by BOAC (two for a Poole to Lagos service), and Qantas (five for a Ceylon to Perth service).
[edit] Other nations
Soon after the receipt of Britain's first order for production aircraft, a French purchasing mission ordered 30 aircraft in early 1940. Allocated the Consolidated identification Model 28-5MF, none of these were delivered before the Battle of France.
Other orders received around the same time covered 18 aircraft for the Royal Australian Air Force, some of which would be used to re-establish the British-Australian airlink through Asia (see Order of the Double Sunrise), and 48 ordered by the Netherlands for use in the Dutch East Indies. Other Catalina operators were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands, Netherlands East Indies, Norway, Peru, Philippines South Africa, Taiwan, Uruguay.
[edit] Roles in World War II
The final construction figure is estimated at around 4,000 aircraft, and these were deployed in practically all of the operational theaters of World War II. The Catalina served with distinction and played a prominent and invaluable role in the war against the Japanese. This was especially true during the first year of the War in the Pacific, because the Catalina and the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress were the only two aircraft with the range necessary for these operations. As a result they were used in almost every possible military role until a new generation of aircraft became available.
[edit] Anti-submarine warfare
Catalinas were the most extensively used anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft in both the Atlantic and Pacific Theaters of the Second World War. One of their jobs was escorting convoys to Murmansk. By 1943 U-boats were well armed with anti-aircraft guns and two Victoria Crosses were won by Catalina skippers pressing home attacks on U-boats in the face of heavy fire: John Cruickshank in 1944 against U-347 and in the same year Flight Lt. David Hornell RCAF (posthumously) against U-1225. Catalinas destroyed 40 U-boats in total but suffered losses of their own. On December 7, 1941, Japanese Mitsubishi Reisen "Zero" fighters from the Akagi carrier group attacked NAS Kaneohe Bay at Oahu, Hawaii, destroying or disabling all of the 33 Catalinas stationed there. This was the first U.S. installation hit by the Japanese on that fateful day and, although the terrible imagery of the attack on Pearl Harbor weighs heavily in the historical record and serves as a powerful symbol of a nation wronged, chronology dictates that a picture of Catalinas engulfed in flames and spewing thick black smoke should serve as a legitimate alternative symbol for the opening salvo in a horrific struggle between two nations with vastly different strategies for augmenting hegemony.
[edit] Maritime patrol
In their role as patrol aircraft, Catalinas participated in some of the most notable engagements of World War II. The aircraft's parasol wing and large waist blisters allowed for a great deal of visibility; this combined with its long range and endurance made it well suited for the task.
- It was an RAF Coastal Command Catalina with a USN Pilot among the British crew that located the German battleship Bismarck on May 26, 1941 while it tried to evade the Royal Navy forces that would sink within a couple of days.[6]
- It was a flight of Catalinas that spotted the Japanese fleet approaching Midway Island, beginning the Battle of Midway.[7]
[edit] Night attack and naval interdiction
Several squadrons of PBY-5As and -6As in the Pacific theater were specially modified to operate as night convoy raiders. Outfitted with state-of-the-art magnetic anomaly detection gear and painted flat black, these "Black Cats" attacked Japanese supply convoys at night. Catalinas were very successful in this highly unorthodox role. Between August 1943 and January 1944, Black Cat squadrons had sunk 112,700 tons of merchant shipping, damaged 47,000 tons and damaged 10 Japanese warships. The Royal Australian Air Force also operated Catalinas as night raiders, with RAAF aircraft mounting mine-laying operations deep into Japanese-held waters. The RAAF also occasionally used Catalinas to mount nuisance night bombing raids on Japanese bases, including the major base at Rabaul.
[edit] Search and rescue
Catalinas were employed by every branch of the US military as rescue aircraft. Catalinas continued to function in this capacity for decades after the end of the war.
[edit] Employment in peacetime
With the end of the war, flying boat versions were quickly retired from the US Navy, but amphibious versions remained in service for many years. The last Catalina on active service for the US military was a PBY-6A operating with a Naval Reserve squadron. She was retired in 1967.[8] The Catalina subsequently equipped the world's smaller armed services, in fairly substantial numbers, into the late 1960s.
The USAF Strategic Air Command had PBY Catalinas (OA-10 Catalinas) in service from 1946 through 1947.
Of the few dozen remaining airworthy Catalinas, the majority are in use today as aerial firefighting planes.
China Airlines, the official airline of Republic of China (Taiwan) was founded with 2 PBY Catalinas configured as amphibians.
[edit] Catalina affair
A Swedish military Catalina was shot down by Soviet aircraft over the Baltic Sea in June 1952 while investigating the earlier crash of a Swedish Douglas DC-3.
[edit] Specifications (PBY-5A)
Data from Encyclopedia of World Air Power[9], Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[2], and Quest for Performance[10]
General characteristics
- Crew: 9 — pilot, co-pilot, bow turret gunner, flight mechanic, radioman, navigator, two waist gunners, tail gunner
- Length: 63 ft 10 in (19.46 m)
- Wingspan: 104 ft 0 in (31.70 m)
- Height: 20 ft 2 in (6.15 m)
- Wing area: 1,400 ft² (130 m²)
- Empty weight: 20,910 lb (9,485 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 35,420 lb (16,066 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 Twin Wasp radial engines, 1,200 hp (895 kW each) each
- Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0309
- Drag area: 43.26 ft² (4.02 m²)
- Aspect ratio: 7.73
Performance
- Maximum speed: 196 mph (314 km/h)
- Cruise speed: 125 mph (201 km/h)
- Range: 2,520 mi (4,030 km)
- Service ceiling: 15,800 ft (4,000 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,000 ft/min (5.1 m/s)
- Wing loading: 25.3 lb/ft² (123.6 kg/m²)
- Power/mass: 0.034 hp/lb (0.056 kW/kg)
- Lift-to-drag ratio: 11.9
Armament
- 3× .30 cal (7.62 mm) machine guns (two in nose turret, one in ventral hatch at tail)
- 2× .50 cal (12.7 mm) machine guns (one in each waist blister)
- 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) of bombs or depth charges, torpedo racks were also available
[edit] References
- ^ Bridgman, Leonard, ed. “The Consolidated Vultee Model 28-5A Catalina Amphibian.” Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. 218. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
- ^ a b c d Bridgman, Leonard, ed. “The Consolidated Vultee Model 28 Catalina.” Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. 218. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
- ^ a b Bridgman, Leonard, ed. “The Naval Aircraft Factory Catalina.” Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. 247. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
- ^ Naval Aircraft Factory PBN-1 Nomad. Aviation Enthusiast Corner. Retrieved on 2006-03-31.
- ^ A24 Consolidated PBY Catalina, RAAF Museum
- ^ Smith, Leonard B. (1941). "Report of Scouting and Search of PBY-5 No. AH545 "Catalina" for Bismarck 26 May, 1941". Retrieved July 31, 2005.
---- "Bismarck: British/American Cooperation and the Destruction of the German Battleship." Retrieved August 2, 2005. - ^ United States Naval Historical Center (1999). "Scouting and Early Attacks from Midway, 3-4 June 1942". Retrieved July 31, 2005.
- ^ Scarborough, William & Sewell, Joe (1995). Walk Around: PBY Catalina. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications. ISBN 0-89747-357-4.
- ^ Gunston, Bill (ed.) (1981). Encyclopedia of World Air Power. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-517-53754-0
- ^ Loftin, LK, Jr.. Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468. Retrieved on 2006-04-22.
[edit] External links
- PBY Catalina Foundation
- PBY Catalina International Association
- PBY.com
- PBY Memorial Association
- Second Emergency Rescue Squadron Memorial Page
- Lt. Nathan Gordon, PBY pilot and Medal of Honor recipient
- Catalina Group of New Zealand
- Black Cats: U.S. Navy PBY Catalinas fighting in the Pacific during WWII
[edit] Related content
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
Related development
- PB2Y Coronado
- GST
Comparable aircraft
Designation sequence
- Navy P series: P2V - PY - P2Y - P3Y - XP4Y - P5Y - P6Y
- Navy PB series: PBM - PBY - PB2Y - PB3Y - PB4Y
- Consolidated: 25 - 26 - 27 - 28 - 29 - 30 - 31
