Paul Schuster Taylor
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Paul Schuster Taylor (born in 1895 in Sioux City, Iowa, died 1985 in Berkeley) was a progressive agricultural economist. He was an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin and earned his PhD at the University of California/Berkeley where he then became professor of economics from 1922 until his retirement in 1962.
Taylor's research career was launched by the Progressive sociologist Edith Abbott. As head of a Social Science Research Council project, she was looking for someone to undertake a study of the rapidly increasing Mexican migration into the United States. Taylor took up this task with enthusiasm and, taking a leave from the university, headed immediately into the field to study migrant workers. From 1927 to 1930 he was on the road much of the time, driving through the San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys in California, into Colorado and Texas, and as far east as Pennsylvania. He not only sought quantitative data on Mexican employment patterns but also learned Spanish and interviewed workers and employers. He even documented what he learned with photographs. His approach integrated the institutional economics advocated by his professor John Commons in Madison with cultural and ethnographic matters--collecting Mexican corridos (popular ballads), for example. He published thirteen monographs on Mexicans and Mexican-Americans, one of only a tiny handful of Anglo scholars concerned with them. In this period he was the "only" Anglo scholar paying attention to Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans.
In 1934 Taylor saw the work of the documentary photographer Dorothea Lange and recruited her to his project. They both divorced their first spouses and married each other in December 1935, forming a living and working partnership that continued until Lange's death in 1965. They had no children together but were parents to Lange's two sons from her first marriage as well as Taylor's three children. In 1935 they produced five reports on the conditions of migrant agricultural workers, and Taylor used their data to get state and federal relief funding for housing for farmworkers. In the process of these investigations Taylor and Lange discovered the "Dust Bowl" westward migration of ruined tenant farmers. Lange was hired as a photographer by the federal Farm Security Administration, and throughout the 1930s the two often traveled together, Taylor collecting quantitative and qualitative information as Lange made photographs. Together Lange and Taylor brought the poverty and exploitation of sharecroppers, tenant farmers and migrant farmworkers to the attention of the American public in their hope--ultimately unrealized--that the New Deal would be extended to benefit those who worked on farms. Taylor risked his colleagues' further disapproval by publishing, with Lange, a popular book of text and photographs on the Dust Bowl, "American Exodus," in 1939.
Taylor's research formed a basis for the 1939 hearings conducted by the La Follette committee of the U.S. Senate on civil liberties violations against farmworkers. This work antagonized powerful people at the University of California, Berkeley, where agribusiness was well represented among the university's regents and where university agricultural research provided direct support to the big growers (for example, creating hybrids, designing farm machinery, training in agricultural management). Taylor's research, combined with the values of his Iowa upbringing, brought him to the conclusion that the power of the big growers in California agriculture was incompatible with democracy. Despite Robert La Follette's exposé of violence against farmworkers by sheriffs and deputies recruited by the Associated Farmers (the organization of big industrial farm owners), farmworker unionization struggles were not successful until the 1960s, when Taylor, then retired, supported the United Farm Workers.
During World War II, Taylor was one of a tiny handful of prominent whites to protest the mass incarceration of Japanese-Americans.
In 1943 Taylor became involved with protests against federal provision of vast quantities of water to agribusiness at taxpayer expense. After 1950 this became his major focus. The federal Reclamation Act of 1902, which provided funding for dams and canals to bring water to parched southwestern farms, had limited the amount of subsidized water for irrigation to 160 acres per person. But this restriction was systematically violated, so the reclamation programs constituted huge subsidies to the biggest growers and enabled them to squeeze out small farmers. In 1944 Taylor led opposition to the insertion of an exemption from the 160-acre limitation into the U.S. Senate bill authorizing the Central Valley Project to bring water into the San Joaquin Valley. For the rest of his life Taylor fought a losing battle against this policy.
From 1952 to 1956 Taylor served as chair of his department; he then headed the university's Institute of International Studies until his retirement in 1964. Beginning in the late 1950s Taylor served as a consultant for the U.S. State Department and the Ford Foundation, investigating land tenure and advocating land reform in Vietnam, Egypt, Colombia, Korea, and Ecuador. He applied to the Third World the principles and knowledge he had developed from decades of work on U.S. agriculture and rural poverty. Always strongly anticommunist, Taylor argued for land reform and community development in the conviction that the concentration of vast landholdings in a few hands and the severe exploitation of farm labor made the development of democracy impossible and made communist popularity grow.
Linda Gordon, NYU Department of History
[edit] Selected writings
- On the Ground in the Thirties
- California Farm Labor, 1937
- American Exodus (with Dorothea Lange), 1939
