Paul Gottlieb Nipkow
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Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow (born 22 August 1860 in Lauenburg in Pomerania, died 24 August 1940 in Berlin) was a German technician and inventor.
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[edit] Beginnings
While at school in Neustadt, West Prussia, Nipkow experimented in telephony and the transmission of moving pictures. After graduation, he went to Berlin in order to study science. He studied physiological optics with Hermann von Helmholtz, and physiological optics and electro-physics with Adolf Slaby.
[edit] Nipkow disk
While still a student, he invented the Nipkow disk. Accounts of its invention state that he conceived the idea of using a spiral-perforated disk to divide a picture into a mosaic of points and lines while sitting alone at home with an oil lamp on Christmas Eve, 1883. It should be noted here that Alexander Bain had transmitted images telegraphically in the 1840s but the Nipkow disk improved the encoding process.
He applied to the imperial patent office in Berlin for a patent covering an electric telescope for the electric reproduction of illuminating objects, in the category "electric apparatuses". This was granted on 15 January 1885, retroactive to 6 January 1884. It is not known whether Nipkow ever attempted a practical realization of this disk but one may assume that he himself never constructed one. The patent lapsed after 15 years owing to lack of interest. Nipkow took up a position as a designer at an institute in Berlin-Buchloh and did not continue work on the broadcasting of pictures.
[edit] First TV systems
The first telecasts used an optical-mechanical picture scanning method, the method that Nipkow had helped create with his disk; he could claim some credit for the invention. Nipkow recounted his first sight of television at a Berlin radio show in 1928: "the televisions stood in dark cells. Hundreds stood and waited patiently for the moment at which they would see television for the first time. I waited among them, growing ever more nervous. Now for the first time I would see what I had devised 45 years ago. Finally I reached the front row; a dark cloth was pushed to the side, and I saw before me a flickering image, not easy to discern." The system demonstrated was from the Baird television company. John Logie Baird was the first inventor to use Nipkow's disc successfully, creating the first television pictures in his laboratory in October of 1925.
From the beginning of the 1930's electronic picture scanning, based on the iconoscope invented by Vladimir Zworykin became increasingly prevalent and Nipkow's invention ceased to have direct relevance.
[edit] Transmitter Paul Nipkow
The leadership of the Third Reich saw the propaganda value in claiming television as a German invention, and in 1935 named the first public television station after Nipkow. He became honorary president of the "television council" of the "Reich Broadcasting Chamber" -- a "German television-pioneer" who long before had dreamed up a method of broadcasting he did not implement.
[edit] Death
Nipkow died alone in 1940 in Berlin.
