Passing (sociology)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Passing refers to the ability of a person to be regarded as a member of a combination of sociological groups other than his or her own, such as a different race, ethnicity, social class, gender, and/or disability status, generally with the purpose of gaining social acceptance.^[1] This may take the form of changing only one group from the person's own, such as a person dressing such as to pretend to be of a higher social class, or may take the form of simultaneously changing multiple groups, such as a male suicide bomber who shaved off his beard, dressed and wore makeup to appear as a Jewish woman in order to enter a hotel in Israel.^[2]

Etymologically, the term is simply a clipped form of the phrasal verb pass for or pass as, as in a counterfeit passing for the genuine article or an impostor passing as another person. It has been in popular use since at least the late 1920s.^[3]

1 Race
2 Ethnicity
3 Social Class
4 Gender
5 Ability
6 Sexual orientation
7 Footnotes
8 See also

[edit] Race

Further information: Passing (racial identity)

[edit] Ethnicity

Passing as another ethnicity is a common phenomenon. For example, in North America and Europe, stigmatized groups such as Jews or, in the past, Irish Catholics, frequently modified their accents, word choices, manner of dress, grooming habits, and even their names, to appear to be members of the mainstream majority group.

In Germany during World War II, Jewish males attempted to restore their foreskins as part of passing as Christian.

[edit] Social Class

Passing as another Social class is historically common.

One example, which is often used in the plots of fictional novels and movies, is that of a poor young man who pretends to be of a higher class in order to woo the daughter of a rich man.

[edit] Gender

Further information: Passing (gender)

[edit] Ability

In the disabled community, Passing describes those with "invisible disabilities" who can pass for able-bodied: for example those with autism, hearing impairments or depression-spectrum illnesses, as compared with those who have facial disfigurements, motor impairments (cerebral palsy) or paraplegia.

There is a certain amount of rivalry between passing and non-passing groups in the various communities. Disabled persons who can pass are viewed as having advantages that those who don't pass do not have -- less discrimination and public attention. This can lead to a view that they are not "properly disabled." Conversely, in many parts of the world, funding and care is less available for invisible disabilities. For example, Medicare in the U.S. provides much less funding for mental than physical disabilities.

[edit] Sexual orientation

Passing as a different sexual orientation has traditionally been an action taken by homosexual men and women, who pretend to be heterosexual to avoid social stigma associated with homosexuality.

Often, such individuals will date or marry a person of the opposite sex in order to maintain an illusion of heterosexuality. A woman who dates or marries a gay man is commonly referred to as a beard.

[edit] Footnotes

^ Daniel G. Renfrow, "A Cartography of Passing in Everyday Life," Symbolic Interaction, Vol. 27, Issue 4, pp. 485–506; Maria C. Sanchez, Passing: Identity and Interpretation in Sexuality, Race, and Religion, NYU Press, 2001.
^ http://209.157.64.200/focus/f-news/893012/posts
^ Nella Larsen, Passing, 1929; Caroline Bond Day and Earnest Albert Hooton, A Study of Some Negro-White Families in the United States (Cambridge MA: Harvard University, 1932; Melville J. Herskovits, The Anthropometry of the American Negro (New York: Columbia University, 1930); Cheryl I. Harris, "On Passing: Whiteness as Property," 106 Harv. L. Rev. 1709-1795, 1710-1712 (1993)